1 00:01:01,480 --> 00:00:58,330 go ahead Lisa hi everybody 2 00:01:03,370 --> 00:01:01,490 welcome to the NASA exhibit space here 3 00:01:06,910 --> 00:01:03,380 at the USA science and engineering 4 00:01:08,950 --> 00:01:06,920 festival today is Smith Day at the 5 00:01:11,499 --> 00:01:08,960 festival but it's really crowded and 6 00:01:14,230 --> 00:01:11,509 there's already a ton of cool exhibits 7 00:01:16,149 --> 00:01:14,240 for people to see and I'm very excited 8 00:01:18,910 --> 00:01:16,159 to be here with our partners from the US 9 00:01:21,819 --> 00:01:18,920 Department of State and Google to take 10 00:01:25,120 --> 00:01:21,829 folks on a virtual field trip to Mars 11 00:01:27,429 --> 00:01:25,130 and on an actual real-life field trip 12 00:01:30,039 --> 00:01:27,439 with us are the students and teachers of 13 00:01:33,399 --> 00:01:30,049 Cramer middle school from Washington DC 14 00:01:35,139 --> 00:01:33,409 and we have international and national 15 00:01:38,080 --> 00:01:35,149 participants brought to you through 16 00:01:40,090 --> 00:01:38,090 NASA's Digital Learning Network and our 17 00:01:43,330 --> 00:01:40,100 partners at Google who provided this 18 00:01:44,260 --> 00:01:43,340 Google hangout I am really honored to be 19 00:01:47,859 --> 00:01:44,270 here today 20 00:01:51,879 --> 00:01:47,869 yes dr. Jim Green who is a director for 21 00:01:54,639 --> 00:01:51,889 planetary science at NASA and also with 22 00:01:57,429 --> 00:01:54,649 John feels like the principal Deputy 23 00:02:00,819 --> 00:01:57,439 Assistant Secretary of State for Western 24 00:02:03,340 --> 00:02:00,829 Hemisphere affairs and with that I know 25 00:02:05,559 --> 00:02:03,350 John has some opening remarks to welcome 26 00:02:07,209 --> 00:02:05,569 us all especially our international 27 00:02:11,400 --> 00:02:07,219 students who are joining us in this 28 00:02:13,570 --> 00:02:11,410 hangout and I'll pass the mic now John 29 00:02:15,640 --> 00:02:13,580 thank you so very much 30 00:02:16,570 --> 00:02:15,650 Lisa Jim it's a real pleasure to be here 31 00:02:18,430 --> 00:02:16,580 with you 32 00:02:21,580 --> 00:02:18,440 and it's a great day to be here with 33 00:02:24,280 --> 00:02:21,590 Carver echoing miserable and you gotta 34 00:02:26,230 --> 00:02:24,290 watch them being in Buenos Aires 35 00:02:30,280 --> 00:02:26,240 saludos our souls balloon disgusting 36 00:02:32,650 --> 00:02:30,290 parade keep it in me Mika a la que toda 37 00:02:35,050 --> 00:02:32,660 la cuestión de la Sierra MODOK notice on 38 00:02:36,430 --> 00:02:35,060 particularly my CLO you know these guys 39 00:02:38,680 --> 00:02:36,440 Nicaragua they've been going through 40 00:02:40,690 --> 00:02:38,690 some pretty bad earthquakes so I think 41 00:02:42,700 --> 00:02:40,700 you're gonna actually find this trip to 42 00:02:44,350 --> 00:02:42,710 Mars maybe a little bit more relaxing 43 00:02:47,020 --> 00:02:44,360 than what they've been going through 44 00:02:48,940 --> 00:02:47,030 lately anyway I want to just thank you 45 00:02:50,770 --> 00:02:48,950 guys for the opportunity of the State 46 00:02:52,990 --> 00:02:50,780 Department to be here here this is a 47 00:02:55,630 --> 00:02:53,000 great collaboration between NASA's 48 00:02:57,580 --> 00:02:55,640 Digital Learning Network between Google 49 00:02:59,500 --> 00:02:57,590 Jenica classroom and the State 50 00:03:07,810 --> 00:02:59,510 Department's Bureau of Educational and 51 00:03:10,630 --> 00:03:07,820 Cultural Affairs is all about a 52 00:03:14,020 --> 00:03:10,640 collaboration it's all about people 53 00:03:16,120 --> 00:03:14,030 working across cultures across time and 54 00:03:19,750 --> 00:03:16,130 space through our virtual network here 55 00:03:21,730 --> 00:03:19,760 to learn and to explore Elohim ego mio 56 00:03:24,310 --> 00:03:21,740 que tenga en lara humongous I've 57 00:03:27,040 --> 00:03:24,320 addressed each o essa dijo que no es el 58 00:03:29,140 --> 00:03:27,050 destino sino el viaje but it just said 59 00:03:31,780 --> 00:03:29,150 is it's not about where you wind up 60 00:03:34,090 --> 00:03:31,790 going it's about the trip getting there 61 00:03:36,820 --> 00:03:34,100 and so what you guys are gonna do today 62 00:03:39,070 --> 00:03:36,830 is you're gonna go there in a bicultural 63 00:03:40,660 --> 00:03:39,080 in a multicultural environment and 64 00:03:43,330 --> 00:03:40,670 that's what we do at the State 65 00:03:45,070 --> 00:03:43,340 Department we try to bring people 66 00:03:47,650 --> 00:03:45,080 together from different backgrounds 67 00:03:50,199 --> 00:03:47,660 speaking different languages going to 68 00:03:52,420 --> 00:03:50,209 some incredibly cool journeys so it's 69 00:03:53,770 --> 00:03:52,430 all about that journey just like Aloha 70 00:03:55,330 --> 00:03:53,780 me go away and letting them it again you 71 00:03:57,490 --> 00:03:55,340 gotta go away no site is wrong at these 72 00:03:58,930 --> 00:03:57,500 fruits out of the idea I just want to 73 00:04:00,970 --> 00:03:58,940 thank everybody for letting me be a part 74 00:04:06,400 --> 00:04:00,980 of this and I can't wait to the journey 75 00:04:06,880 --> 00:04:06,410 to start I win oh okay yeah well a donde 76 00:04:08,500 --> 00:04:06,890 Tang 77 00:04:11,470 --> 00:04:08,510 nosotros tenemos like even a pantalla 78 00:04:14,310 --> 00:04:11,480 Chiquita Abajo dónde están mis amigos in 79 00:04:19,390 --> 00:04:14,320 Buenos Aires at Salaam on Oahu burrito 80 00:04:28,110 --> 00:04:19,400 no real o s or muy bien ok yo no puedo 81 00:04:32,830 --> 00:04:31,960 good afternoon ladies and gentlemen my 82 00:04:35,290 --> 00:04:32,840 name is Lolita 83 00:04:38,380 --> 00:04:35,300 Avila from also in school and I would 84 00:04:40,600 --> 00:04:38,390 like to tell you who we are all since 85 00:04:43,150 --> 00:04:40,610 school is a school named one Osiris it 86 00:04:47,980 --> 00:04:43,160 has Surakarta characteristics that makes 87 00:04:51,610 --> 00:04:47,990 it special and for example we have no no 88 00:04:55,120 --> 00:04:51,620 doors in the classroom and this makes us 89 00:04:59,200 --> 00:04:55,130 to adapt to work in two sided atmosphere 90 00:05:02,290 --> 00:04:59,210 in order to respect each other we don't 91 00:05:06,010 --> 00:05:02,300 have bell announcing the beginning and 92 00:05:09,430 --> 00:05:06,020 end of periods on break times and also 93 00:05:12,190 --> 00:05:09,440 the school towns with several indoor 94 00:05:16,780 --> 00:05:12,200 patios full of plants and colorful 95 00:05:19,990 --> 00:05:16,790 flowers our schoolmates special emphasis 96 00:05:22,480 --> 00:05:20,000 on STEM education and currently were 97 00:05:25,840 --> 00:05:22,490 working in several international 98 00:05:29,080 --> 00:05:25,850 programs like this one and the below 99 00:05:31,660 --> 00:05:29,090 international program and we believe 100 00:05:33,580 --> 00:05:31,670 that STEM education is very important 101 00:05:36,180 --> 00:05:33,590 because it involves with the knowledge 102 00:05:43,970 --> 00:05:36,190 used for the future of human rights 103 00:05:48,410 --> 00:05:46,470 thank you so much thank you for joining 104 00:05:51,300 --> 00:05:48,420 us all the way from Buenos Aires and 105 00:05:54,300 --> 00:05:51,310 here we have in washington d.c kramer 106 00:05:56,010 --> 00:05:54,310 middle school and i believe it's our 107 00:06:00,500 --> 00:05:56,020 india that's going to give us some words 108 00:06:06,630 --> 00:06:04,500 hi my name is Ronnie áwill and we are 109 00:06:09,900 --> 00:06:06,640 representing crown middle school in 110 00:06:11,940 --> 00:06:09,910 Washington DC we have six great and 111 00:06:15,420 --> 00:06:11,950 through eighth grade we are blending 112 00:06:18,660 --> 00:06:15,430 learning model that means we spend half 113 00:06:20,910 --> 00:06:18,670 of each class online if have and face to 114 00:06:24,360 --> 00:06:20,920 face instruction with the teacher we are 115 00:06:25,800 --> 00:06:24,370 very excited about Disney's experience 116 00:06:31,680 --> 00:06:25,810 thank you 117 00:06:34,320 --> 00:06:31,690 much our next school participating in 118 00:06:37,710 --> 00:06:34,330 the virtual field trip is in fact the 119 00:06:40,830 --> 00:06:37,720 Marie Curie school and access Managua 120 00:06:42,300 --> 00:06:40,840 and I would invite those folks to come 121 00:06:46,560 --> 00:06:42,310 up and say a few words about their 122 00:06:50,210 --> 00:06:46,570 school thank you do I have my friends 123 00:06:56,930 --> 00:06:50,220 from Managua hi wave 124 00:07:07,710 --> 00:07:04,310 I'm from Pierre Money Cody we are from a 125 00:07:10,350 --> 00:07:07,720 tropical country in Central America our 126 00:07:12,200 --> 00:07:10,360 school has worked with the NASA EC 127 00:07:14,970 --> 00:07:12,210 program before throughout this year and 128 00:07:16,740 --> 00:07:14,980 we are very excited to be sharing this 129 00:07:19,350 --> 00:07:16,750 experience knowledge and information 130 00:07:26,750 --> 00:07:19,360 with you guys and for giving us this 131 00:07:29,450 --> 00:07:26,760 privilege so thank you hello everyone 132 00:07:37,730 --> 00:07:29,460 name is hora wind L I am from Nicaragua 133 00:07:40,010 --> 00:07:37,740 okay would you listen to me I am part of 134 00:07:42,710 --> 00:07:40,020 the access program is a special 135 00:07:44,900 --> 00:07:42,720 programming crowd that is sponsored by 136 00:07:48,440 --> 00:07:44,910 the government of the United States that 137 00:07:52,190 --> 00:07:48,450 gives opportunity to poor people to 138 00:07:54,440 --> 00:07:52,200 study and learn a good English so we are 139 00:07:56,330 --> 00:07:54,450 so excited for being here because know 140 00:07:59,540 --> 00:07:56,340 every day you are gonna participate in 141 00:08:13,390 --> 00:07:59,550 an experiment with NASA so thank you 142 00:08:18,890 --> 00:08:17,120 thank you very much for joining us I am 143 00:08:20,690 --> 00:08:18,900 really excited about the opportunity to 144 00:08:22,490 --> 00:08:20,700 include all of you on this field trip 145 00:08:24,860 --> 00:08:22,500 that we're about to embark on we have 146 00:08:27,770 --> 00:08:24,870 two other schools in our connected 147 00:08:29,300 --> 00:08:27,780 classroom today and the first one that 148 00:08:31,760 --> 00:08:29,310 I'm going to do the next one I'm going 149 00:08:34,250 --> 00:08:31,770 to introduce will be the Montgomery 150 00:08:37,730 --> 00:08:34,260 middle school from upper the upper 151 00:08:39,500 --> 00:08:37,740 campus from Skillman New Jersey are we 152 00:08:45,470 --> 00:08:39,510 guys are you guys online you ready to 153 00:08:47,630 --> 00:08:45,480 roll wave hi from NASA hi from 154 00:08:57,490 --> 00:08:47,640 Washington tell us a little bit about 155 00:09:05,140 --> 00:08:57,500 Montgomery clean places I just named 156 00:09:08,240 --> 00:09:05,150 well this is it people around me and 157 00:09:10,910 --> 00:09:08,250 person right to left to your right of me 158 00:09:12,260 --> 00:09:10,920 our entire eighth graders who are 159 00:09:14,210 --> 00:09:12,270 representing the eighth grade here in 160 00:09:16,100 --> 00:09:14,220 Montgomery Montgomery upper middle 161 00:09:18,290 --> 00:09:16,110 school has seventh and eighth graders we 162 00:09:20,600 --> 00:09:18,300 have about seven eight hundred students 163 00:09:21,380 --> 00:09:20,610 here and we're really glad to be here 164 00:09:32,540 --> 00:09:21,390 with you guys 165 00:09:39,250 --> 00:09:32,550 thank you memory middle school I mean 166 00:09:45,020 --> 00:09:43,040 is Metcalf Elementary I'm Houston Texas 167 00:09:46,460 --> 00:09:45,030 Metcalf are you on the line are you 168 00:09:52,820 --> 00:09:46,470 ready to tell us a little about your 169 00:10:03,590 --> 00:09:52,830 school yeah wait a minute cough I come 170 00:10:05,660 --> 00:10:03,600 from Washington - ours Texas we are 171 00:10:13,640 --> 00:10:05,670 excited to be here and to visit other 172 00:10:21,510 --> 00:10:16,620 thank you and welcome to the trip to 173 00:10:29,790 --> 00:10:21,520 Mars taking on the item is no better 174 00:10:31,830 --> 00:10:29,800 person dr. Jim Lee the director and I'm 175 00:10:34,830 --> 00:10:31,840 gonna hand it over thank you to keep us 176 00:10:37,590 --> 00:10:34,840 off Thank You Peggy Lee cycle let's go 177 00:10:59,550 --> 00:10:37,600 let's get started begin again I'm gonna 178 00:11:04,380 --> 00:10:59,560 tell you no orbits and we didn't act on 179 00:11:08,040 --> 00:11:04,390 that on that many many years the next 180 00:11:18,450 --> 00:11:08,050 and most hardest is to get onto the 181 00:11:35,010 --> 00:11:18,460 ground it's like yeah so so what we're 182 00:11:38,910 --> 00:11:35,020 going to talk about over on our Mars 183 00:11:40,350 --> 00:11:38,920 rovers rovers well thank you Jim hi 184 00:11:42,090 --> 00:11:40,360 everyone it's great to see all of you 185 00:11:43,920 --> 00:11:42,100 students back again today and I want to 186 00:11:46,110 --> 00:11:43,930 welcome everybody who's joining us 187 00:11:47,280 --> 00:11:46,120 online and a special welcome to the 188 00:11:49,740 --> 00:11:47,290 embassies around the world who are 189 00:11:51,990 --> 00:11:49,750 watching us today I'm excited to share 190 00:11:53,550 --> 00:11:52,000 with you some of the things related to 191 00:11:55,800 --> 00:11:53,560 science and engineering that are going 192 00:11:57,840 --> 00:11:55,810 on on the red planet right now but 193 00:12:00,870 --> 00:11:57,850 before we get started with that I would 194 00:12:02,450 --> 00:12:00,880 like to ask you what you know about the 195 00:12:04,800 --> 00:12:02,460 red planet so I'm going to start with 196 00:12:07,140 --> 00:12:04,810 Buenos Aires in just a moment and I'm 197 00:12:09,380 --> 00:12:07,150 going to ask them a question about Mars 198 00:12:12,660 --> 00:12:09,390 so let's take a look right up here and 199 00:12:16,320 --> 00:12:12,670 if you see on my screen you should 200 00:12:19,470 --> 00:12:16,330 notice that there is in fact a category 201 00:12:21,750 --> 00:12:19,480 called atmosphere now Argentina your 202 00:12:23,430 --> 00:12:21,760 question is about the atmosphere of Mars 203 00:12:25,920 --> 00:12:23,440 here on earth our atmosphere is mostly 204 00:12:27,870 --> 00:12:25,930 nitrogen and oxygen and I'm wonder 205 00:12:30,690 --> 00:12:27,880 if anybody there knows what the 206 00:12:32,880 --> 00:12:30,700 atmosphere of Mars is mostly composed of 207 00:12:40,430 --> 00:12:32,890 and if you don't know and want to make a 208 00:12:46,850 --> 00:12:42,329 Argentina it looks like your microphone 209 00:12:49,380 --> 00:12:46,860 might be muted mostly carbon dioxide ah 210 00:12:50,790 --> 00:12:49,390 carbon dioxide is their guest and if 211 00:12:52,500 --> 00:12:50,800 you're playing along at home you can see 212 00:12:54,900 --> 00:12:52,510 that sure enough carbon dioxide is 213 00:12:57,449 --> 00:12:54,910 correct in fact carbon dioxide makes up 214 00:13:00,120 --> 00:12:57,459 95% of the atmosphere on Mars nicely 215 00:13:01,889 --> 00:13:00,130 done all right well kramer middle school 216 00:13:04,079 --> 00:13:01,899 you know you're next and you probably 217 00:13:05,940 --> 00:13:04,089 were looking here at satellites now here 218 00:13:07,230 --> 00:13:05,950 on earth we have one natural satellite 219 00:13:09,840 --> 00:13:07,240 and I'm going to ask you how many 220 00:13:10,949 --> 00:13:09,850 natural satellites there are around Mars 221 00:13:12,449 --> 00:13:10,959 so don't be thinking about the 222 00:13:14,519 --> 00:13:12,459 satellites that Jim was talking about 223 00:13:17,850 --> 00:13:14,529 that we have sent to Mars but what 224 00:13:19,350 --> 00:13:17,860 satellites are orbiting Mars natural 225 00:13:20,610 --> 00:13:19,360 ones how many do you think there are and 226 00:13:34,370 --> 00:13:20,620 I'll give you bonus points if you know 227 00:13:37,250 --> 00:13:35,960 all right and Kramer middle school oh 228 00:13:41,060 --> 00:13:37,260 there we go it's just gonna say I think 229 00:13:43,900 --> 00:13:41,070 you're needed can we try again please 230 00:13:47,150 --> 00:13:43,910 try again he knows there's answer here 231 00:13:49,310 --> 00:13:47,160 there are two satellites on Mars there 232 00:13:51,680 --> 00:13:49,320 are two satellites excellent 233 00:13:57,250 --> 00:13:51,690 very nicely done now for bonus points do 234 00:14:06,860 --> 00:14:05,180 fo MOS and Simba demos I'm gonna give 235 00:14:11,840 --> 00:14:06,870 you half of your bonus point there are 236 00:14:13,910 --> 00:14:11,850 two on Mars are Phobos and Deimos very 237 00:14:16,010 --> 00:14:13,920 nicely all right 238 00:14:20,390 --> 00:14:16,020 now this next one is going to Managua 239 00:14:23,420 --> 00:14:20,400 Nicaragua so surface pressure is the 240 00:14:26,450 --> 00:14:23,430 weight of the air on our bodies and on 241 00:14:28,160 --> 00:14:26,460 the earth itself at the surface and I'm 242 00:14:29,930 --> 00:14:28,170 gonna stay here on earth the surface 243 00:14:33,410 --> 00:14:29,940 pressure is measured in something called 244 00:14:35,540 --> 00:14:33,420 millibars and if you were at the ocean 245 00:14:37,880 --> 00:14:35,550 you would be feeling about a thousand 246 00:14:40,040 --> 00:14:37,890 millibars of pressure on your body so I 247 00:14:42,530 --> 00:14:40,050 am wondering how many millibars do you 248 00:14:44,300 --> 00:14:42,540 think would be pressing on our Rovers on 249 00:14:46,160 --> 00:14:44,310 Mars or on your spacesuit if you were 250 00:14:51,530 --> 00:14:46,170 walking around on the Red Planet 251 00:14:53,300 --> 00:14:51,540 so I'll pass that over to Managua you've 252 00:15:06,920 --> 00:14:53,310 got the answer or if you have a guess 253 00:15:08,900 --> 00:15:06,930 I'd love to hear it 500 millibars that 254 00:15:12,310 --> 00:15:08,910 is a pretty good guess that would mean 255 00:15:15,140 --> 00:15:12,320 we would have about half the pressure on 256 00:15:17,540 --> 00:15:15,150 Mars as we do on earth well you're in 257 00:15:19,910 --> 00:15:17,550 the right area because there is less 258 00:15:22,190 --> 00:15:19,920 pressure on the atmosphere of Mars but 259 00:15:25,070 --> 00:15:22,200 it turns out that there is a lot less 260 00:15:27,080 --> 00:15:25,080 there is just over six millibars of 261 00:15:28,930 --> 00:15:27,090 pressure in the atmosphere on Mars that 262 00:15:32,210 --> 00:15:28,940 means it's a very thin atmosphere and 263 00:15:34,820 --> 00:15:32,220 because it's such a thin atmosphere it 264 00:15:36,410 --> 00:15:34,830 makes it very tricky to land on the Red 265 00:15:39,080 --> 00:15:36,420 Planet we'll talk about how we do that 266 00:15:41,030 --> 00:15:39,090 in a few minutes all right so we're 267 00:15:42,440 --> 00:15:41,040 going to move now to Skillman New Jersey 268 00:15:44,090 --> 00:15:42,450 and you've been looking at this knowing 269 00:15:47,150 --> 00:15:44,100 that temperature was your question so 270 00:15:48,050 --> 00:15:47,160 I'm going to ask you how hot or how cold 271 00:15:51,770 --> 00:15:48,060 do you 272 00:15:54,380 --> 00:15:51,780 think the temperature on Mars okay who's 273 00:15:56,750 --> 00:15:54,390 answering it all right Araya you want to 274 00:15:59,900 --> 00:15:56,760 guess what the temperature depends where 275 00:16:04,430 --> 00:15:59,910 we are and what time of day give a guess 276 00:16:07,730 --> 00:16:04,440 during the day I will assume it's maybe 277 00:16:11,650 --> 00:16:07,740 maybe a little colder okay 278 00:16:15,890 --> 00:16:11,660 I like the older congestion it depends 279 00:16:17,720 --> 00:16:15,900 it depends absolutely right if you are 280 00:16:19,820 --> 00:16:17,730 on the equator of Mars where you're 281 00:16:22,070 --> 00:16:19,830 getting the most direct sunlight if you 282 00:16:23,810 --> 00:16:22,080 are outside it's a 4 o'clock in the 283 00:16:25,880 --> 00:16:23,820 afternoon on Mars where you're going to 284 00:16:28,640 --> 00:16:25,890 have the warmest time of day and it's 285 00:16:30,110 --> 00:16:28,650 this summer that is excuse me it's the 286 00:16:31,940 --> 00:16:30,120 summer season you might reach 287 00:16:34,430 --> 00:16:31,950 temperatures as high as 70 degrees 288 00:16:36,290 --> 00:16:34,440 Fahrenheit or 20 degrees Celsius so yeah 289 00:16:37,010 --> 00:16:36,300 very similar to what we experience here 290 00:16:40,970 --> 00:16:37,020 on earth 291 00:16:42,290 --> 00:16:40,980 however at night or near the poles or 292 00:16:45,410 --> 00:16:42,300 during the winter you might see 293 00:16:47,810 --> 00:16:45,420 temperatures drop as low as 225 degrees 294 00:16:51,140 --> 00:16:47,820 below zero Fahrenheit or 153 degrees 295 00:16:53,150 --> 00:16:51,150 below zero Celsius so very very cold now 296 00:16:55,310 --> 00:16:53,160 if you're curious as to what the weather 297 00:16:58,160 --> 00:16:55,320 is like right now on Mars we can take a 298 00:16:59,480 --> 00:16:58,170 quick look curiosity the rover we'll be 299 00:17:02,330 --> 00:16:59,490 talking about in just a few minutes 300 00:17:04,190 --> 00:17:02,340 happens to have some weather sensors on 301 00:17:05,780 --> 00:17:04,200 it and we can check what the weather was 302 00:17:08,360 --> 00:17:05,790 like and you should be seeing right now 303 00:17:10,820 --> 00:17:08,370 just a few days ago on Mars we had an 304 00:17:12,560 --> 00:17:10,830 air temperature of 21 degrees below zero 305 00:17:16,220 --> 00:17:12,570 Celsius that was our high temperature 306 00:17:18,620 --> 00:17:16,230 and 85 degrees below zero was our low 307 00:17:21,070 --> 00:17:18,630 temperature so we're at a pretty cold 308 00:17:23,810 --> 00:17:21,080 spot where the rover happens to be 309 00:17:26,150 --> 00:17:23,820 nicely done though now that leaves us 310 00:17:29,320 --> 00:17:26,160 with one last question and we're going 311 00:17:31,880 --> 00:17:29,330 to head over to Houston and Houston 312 00:17:34,970 --> 00:17:31,890 question if you were looking along there 313 00:17:39,130 --> 00:17:34,980 has to do with the size of the Red 314 00:17:44,900 --> 00:17:42,250 2106 miles 315 00:17:50,270 --> 00:17:44,910 2100 six miles that's a very specific 316 00:17:53,930 --> 00:17:50,280 yes it sounds like you know well I gave 317 00:17:56,330 --> 00:17:53,940 it two thousand 110 miles or three 318 00:17:58,910 --> 00:17:56,340 thousand three hundred 96 kilometers but 319 00:18:01,100 --> 00:17:58,920 that is so close that I think you 320 00:18:01,880 --> 00:18:01,110 definitely deserve a round of applause 321 00:18:04,430 --> 00:18:01,890 for that one night 322 00:18:06,380 --> 00:18:04,440 done all right and if you look at what 323 00:18:09,110 --> 00:18:06,390 that means compared to these two planets 324 00:18:12,530 --> 00:18:09,120 you can see that earth is about twice 325 00:18:15,350 --> 00:18:12,540 the diameter of the Red Planet so it's a 326 00:18:18,440 --> 00:18:15,360 very large planet in comparison now as 327 00:18:20,960 --> 00:18:18,450 Jim had said we have been traveling to 328 00:18:24,470 --> 00:18:20,970 the Red Planet for quite a long time in 329 00:18:26,810 --> 00:18:24,480 fact over four decades now we don't just 330 00:18:28,370 --> 00:18:26,820 go to Mars to take pretty pictures the 331 00:18:30,860 --> 00:18:28,380 pictures that we get can be very 332 00:18:32,810 --> 00:18:30,870 inspirational and I think they're very 333 00:18:34,790 --> 00:18:32,820 beautiful but that's not the only reason 334 00:18:37,280 --> 00:18:34,800 to go we actually have four science 335 00:18:39,200 --> 00:18:37,290 objectives that guide our exploration of 336 00:18:41,030 --> 00:18:39,210 the red planet and so I want to share 337 00:18:44,870 --> 00:18:41,040 with you what those science objectives 338 00:18:48,310 --> 00:18:44,880 are excuse me our first science 339 00:18:51,320 --> 00:18:48,320 objective has to do with understanding 340 00:18:54,740 --> 00:18:51,330 whether or not life ever arose on Mars 341 00:18:58,340 --> 00:18:54,750 here on earth we know that life needs 342 00:19:00,110 --> 00:18:58,350 water and we wanted to find whether or 343 00:19:01,910 --> 00:19:00,120 not Mars could have been a habitable 344 00:19:03,950 --> 00:19:01,920 place so first we needed to find out if 345 00:19:06,080 --> 00:19:03,960 there was ever water on the surface and 346 00:19:08,630 --> 00:19:06,090 sure enough there was and then we needed 347 00:19:10,970 --> 00:19:08,640 to figure out whether or not Mars had 348 00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:10,980 the ingredients for life a chemical 349 00:19:16,450 --> 00:19:14,010 building blocks I like to think of the 350 00:19:18,230 --> 00:19:16,460 chemical building blocks of life as six 351 00:19:19,940 --> 00:19:18,240 ingredients and you don't have to 352 00:19:21,590 --> 00:19:19,950 remember the name of all of them just 353 00:19:23,860 --> 00:19:21,600 think about the fact that there are six 354 00:19:26,570 --> 00:19:23,870 carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen 355 00:19:30,020 --> 00:19:26,580 phosphorus and sulfur think about those 356 00:19:32,120 --> 00:19:30,030 six life as we know it needs it so 357 00:19:34,610 --> 00:19:32,130 that's what we're looking for on Mars 358 00:19:38,840 --> 00:19:34,620 now that's our first objective our next 359 00:19:41,600 --> 00:19:38,850 objective has to do with the climate of 360 00:19:43,850 --> 00:19:41,610 Mars so we want to understand the 361 00:19:46,430 --> 00:19:43,860 climate of Mars we want to know where 362 00:19:48,440 --> 00:19:46,440 it's hot where it's cold we on the 363 00:19:50,630 --> 00:19:48,450 understand weather patterns over time we 364 00:19:59,310 --> 00:19:50,640 want to know what the cloud systems are 365 00:19:59,320 --> 00:21:15,220 you 366 00:21:21,310 --> 00:21:19,029 for up to a year but the trip to Mars is 367 00:21:24,639 --> 00:21:21,320 going to be a very long trip in fact 368 00:21:27,399 --> 00:21:24,649 round trip could be as long as two years 369 00:21:29,710 --> 00:21:27,409 so we really need to understand a lot 370 00:21:31,450 --> 00:21:29,720 before we can go to Mars and the 371 00:21:34,299 --> 00:21:31,460 exploration of Mars really helps us out 372 00:21:35,500 --> 00:21:34,309 with that all right now Mars is a very 373 00:21:37,149 --> 00:21:35,510 interesting place we wouldn't be 374 00:21:39,730 --> 00:21:37,159 spending so much time exploring there if 375 00:21:41,560 --> 00:21:39,740 it was not as interesting as it is so 376 00:21:43,750 --> 00:21:41,570 let's take a close look at some of the 377 00:21:46,750 --> 00:21:43,760 features of the red planet if you look 378 00:21:48,759 --> 00:21:46,760 here you can see on Mars there is one of 379 00:21:50,649 --> 00:21:48,769 the largest valleys in the entire solar 380 00:21:52,389 --> 00:21:50,659 system Valles Marineris it would stretch 381 00:21:54,810 --> 00:21:52,399 all the way from here to Skillman New 382 00:21:57,460 --> 00:21:54,820 Jersey or Washington DC it's huge 383 00:22:00,669 --> 00:21:57,470 Mars is also home to the largest volcano 384 00:22:02,500 --> 00:22:00,679 in the solar system Olympus Mons so big 385 00:22:05,100 --> 00:22:02,510 that it would take up the entire state 386 00:22:07,210 --> 00:22:05,110 of Arizona here in the United States and 387 00:22:08,830 --> 00:22:07,220 because Mars doesn't have plate 388 00:22:11,980 --> 00:22:08,840 tectonics like Earth does that are 389 00:22:14,110 --> 00:22:11,990 causing all of those earthquakes Olympus 390 00:22:15,460 --> 00:22:14,120 Mons was able to grow very very tall I 391 00:22:17,409 --> 00:22:15,470 want you to think for a moment about the 392 00:22:18,940 --> 00:22:17,419 tallest mountain on earth I'll give you 393 00:22:20,409 --> 00:22:18,950 about 10 seconds to think about that 394 00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:20,419 maybe even less time because you 395 00:22:24,519 --> 00:22:22,010 probably know the tallest mountain on 396 00:22:27,940 --> 00:22:24,529 earth is Mount Everest well compared to 397 00:22:29,649 --> 00:22:27,950 Mount Everest Olympus Mons is huge you 398 00:22:32,379 --> 00:22:29,659 can see Olympus Mons outlined in orange 399 00:22:35,590 --> 00:22:32,389 there Mount Everest is about 40 thousand 400 00:22:38,740 --> 00:22:35,600 feet shorter than Olympus Mons which 401 00:22:42,490 --> 00:22:38,750 makes makes that a pretty interesting 402 00:22:44,740 --> 00:22:42,500 place to check out however we did not go 403 00:22:48,970 --> 00:22:44,750 to Olympus Mons with any of our Rovers 404 00:22:50,529 --> 00:22:48,980 in the past and what I did is about a 405 00:22:52,360 --> 00:22:50,539 week ago I asked all of the students 406 00:22:55,090 --> 00:22:52,370 that are connected with us to look at 407 00:22:56,680 --> 00:22:55,100 four different potential landing sites 408 00:22:58,810 --> 00:22:56,690 so if your school was going to send a 409 00:23:00,730 --> 00:22:58,820 rover to Mars where would you send it to 410 00:23:02,080 --> 00:23:00,740 and so I'm going to bring up those four 411 00:23:06,600 --> 00:23:02,090 potential landing sites so that 412 00:23:14,409 --> 00:23:11,230 there we go we have our first landing 413 00:23:16,930 --> 00:23:14,419 site and our first landing site this is 414 00:23:18,669 --> 00:23:16,940 Evers walled crater a great location to 415 00:23:20,049 --> 00:23:18,679 visit on Mars lots of scientists and 416 00:23:22,299 --> 00:23:20,059 engineers thought that would be a great 417 00:23:24,759 --> 00:23:22,309 place to visit we have Gale Crater 418 00:23:26,879 --> 00:23:24,769 another excellent location that many 419 00:23:28,530 --> 00:23:26,889 scientists and engineers wanted to go to 420 00:23:31,920 --> 00:23:28,540 we have 421 00:23:34,110 --> 00:23:31,930 golden crater again a fantastic location 422 00:23:37,260 --> 00:23:34,120 with lots of potential science to be 423 00:23:39,900 --> 00:23:37,270 studied and Martha Alice and again all 424 00:23:41,700 --> 00:23:39,910 four of these were sites that many many 425 00:23:44,550 --> 00:23:41,710 scientists and engineers wanted to go to 426 00:23:47,070 --> 00:23:44,560 but when you send a rover to Mars you 427 00:23:50,520 --> 00:23:47,080 have to pick one location so I'm going 428 00:23:53,310 --> 00:23:50,530 to ask our school at Colegio de todos 429 00:23:56,490 --> 00:23:53,320 los santos in buenos aires where they 430 00:23:58,680 --> 00:23:56,500 selected for their landing site so 431 00:24:00,270 --> 00:23:58,690 argentina if you would go ahead and 432 00:24:02,790 --> 00:24:00,280 unmute your microphone and tell us what 433 00:24:12,030 --> 00:24:02,800 you chose and briefly why you thought 434 00:24:14,370 --> 00:24:12,040 that might be a good spot to go to mark 435 00:24:16,910 --> 00:24:14,380 boley's hi Martha 436 00:24:20,400 --> 00:24:16,920 okay and why did you choose Marsalis 437 00:24:25,170 --> 00:24:20,410 mark boley's because he's on your house 438 00:24:28,440 --> 00:24:25,180 every song and also it was the Mars the 439 00:24:32,340 --> 00:24:28,450 word every science team is like it's 440 00:24:36,500 --> 00:24:32,350 it's going to send a rover to fish up if 441 00:24:40,740 --> 00:24:36,510 you sorry about that person you know so 442 00:24:45,930 --> 00:24:40,750 because they are also going to search 443 00:24:47,310 --> 00:24:45,940 box horrible - okay excellent choice it 444 00:24:49,620 --> 00:24:47,320 sounds like your school is thinking like 445 00:24:52,080 --> 00:24:49,630 scientists and engineers in your site 446 00:24:53,040 --> 00:24:52,090 selection very nice to hear that all 447 00:24:58,610 --> 00:24:53,050 right 448 00:25:00,780 --> 00:24:58,620 and I would like to see now who from 449 00:25:06,520 --> 00:25:00,790 middle school is going to share with us 450 00:25:11,590 --> 00:25:09,310 we have chosen a hotel credit the Holden 451 00:25:14,110 --> 00:25:11,600 crater because it is near the rover's 452 00:25:18,220 --> 00:25:14,120 landing site and it does not have hills 453 00:25:21,070 --> 00:25:18,230 or big mountains and it has channels 454 00:25:23,919 --> 00:25:21,080 that are evidence of water okay that 455 00:25:26,350 --> 00:25:23,929 sounds like thinking like an engineer no 456 00:25:28,840 --> 00:25:26,360 big Hills flat surface engineers love 457 00:25:30,850 --> 00:25:28,850 that because it takes away a lot of risk 458 00:25:32,140 --> 00:25:30,860 in terms of driving around on the 459 00:25:34,919 --> 00:25:32,150 surface nice choice 460 00:25:37,570 --> 00:25:34,929 alright let's head to Nicaragua and see 461 00:25:44,310 --> 00:25:37,580 what our students in Nicaragua chose as 462 00:25:47,649 --> 00:25:44,320 their landing site okay I choose the 463 00:25:50,830 --> 00:25:47,659 every small dick Rutter because this is 464 00:25:54,100 --> 00:25:50,840 one of the best there was the Gale 465 00:25:56,350 --> 00:25:54,110 Crater have a good one because half a 466 00:25:59,830 --> 00:25:56,360 mountain and half a layer by layer and 467 00:26:04,539 --> 00:25:59,840 the layer by layer the Gale Crater is is 468 00:26:11,169 --> 00:26:04,549 because I think it's the possibility the 469 00:26:13,029 --> 00:26:11,179 in the past half water there excellent 470 00:26:14,799 --> 00:26:13,039 thank you so Evers walled crater and 471 00:26:17,020 --> 00:26:14,809 your reasoning makes me think that you 472 00:26:19,180 --> 00:26:17,030 may be a future geologist talking about 473 00:26:20,980 --> 00:26:19,190 the layers that we can inspect and the 474 00:26:23,080 --> 00:26:20,990 fact that water will help us create 475 00:26:26,169 --> 00:26:23,090 those nicely done all right let's move 476 00:26:29,919 --> 00:26:26,179 on to Houston Texas for our final 477 00:26:31,930 --> 00:26:29,929 landing site where did you choose it we 478 00:26:35,740 --> 00:26:31,940 chose Mark Ballas as our landing site 479 00:26:37,330 --> 00:26:35,750 for the mission surface to Mars we chose 480 00:26:42,039 --> 00:26:37,340 it because it's rich in clay minerals 481 00:26:44,740 --> 00:26:42,049 also there are silicates which in the 482 00:26:47,919 --> 00:26:44,750 president the president wanted it has an 483 00:26:50,680 --> 00:26:47,929 ancient channel cards but kind of dealt 484 00:26:55,510 --> 00:26:50,690 with bugs it looks like a good place to 485 00:26:57,490 --> 00:26:55,520 search for life on Mars I have to say I 486 00:27:02,140 --> 00:26:57,500 am so very impressed by all of your 487 00:27:03,310 --> 00:27:02,150 responses today you can tell that you 488 00:27:04,750 --> 00:27:03,320 were doing your homework there nicely 489 00:27:06,460 --> 00:27:04,760 done I think we've got some future 490 00:27:08,470 --> 00:27:06,470 scientists and engineers ready to work 491 00:27:10,090 --> 00:27:08,480 for us as soon as they're wrapped up 492 00:27:14,200 --> 00:27:10,100 with their college career so thank you 493 00:27:15,630 --> 00:27:14,210 very much now as was mentioned we have 494 00:27:17,919 --> 00:27:15,640 been visiting Mars for quite a long time 495 00:27:19,870 --> 00:27:17,929 the Curiosity rover is not the first 496 00:27:20,280 --> 00:27:19,880 Rover we've sent in fact the first Rover 497 00:27:22,830 --> 00:27:20,290 we 498 00:27:25,200 --> 00:27:22,840 it was called Sojourner & Sojourner had 499 00:27:27,210 --> 00:27:25,210 a wheel this big the rover itself was 500 00:27:29,430 --> 00:27:27,220 about the size of a microwave oven it 501 00:27:31,170 --> 00:27:29,440 only weighed 23 pounds and we really 502 00:27:33,540 --> 00:27:31,180 were just trying to figure out whether 503 00:27:35,850 --> 00:27:33,550 or not we could in fact land and drive 504 00:27:37,470 --> 00:27:35,860 her over around on a Red Planet this 505 00:27:39,570 --> 00:27:37,480 Rover was designed to last for eight 506 00:27:41,490 --> 00:27:39,580 Martian days a day on Mars we call a 507 00:27:43,170 --> 00:27:41,500 Saul so if you hear me talking about 508 00:27:45,930 --> 00:27:43,180 Saul's I'm just talking about a day on 509 00:27:49,860 --> 00:27:45,940 Mars it was designed to last for about a 510 00:27:52,020 --> 00:27:49,870 week on Mars it lasted for over 80 days 511 00:27:53,940 --> 00:27:52,030 on Mars and one of the things that we 512 00:27:55,980 --> 00:27:53,950 realized beyond the fact that yes we can 513 00:27:58,080 --> 00:27:55,990 drive a robot around on another planet 514 00:28:00,390 --> 00:27:58,090 is that we want to discover and learn 515 00:28:02,220 --> 00:28:00,400 more we want to explore more so our 516 00:28:04,410 --> 00:28:02,230 engineers and our scientists they built 517 00:28:07,740 --> 00:28:04,420 a rover as you can see by this wheel 518 00:28:09,690 --> 00:28:07,750 that was quite a bit bigger now it's not 519 00:28:12,120 --> 00:28:09,700 just one Rover we actually built twin 520 00:28:14,010 --> 00:28:12,130 rovers Spirit and Opportunity Spirit and 521 00:28:15,780 --> 00:28:14,020 Opportunity were designed to last for 90 522 00:28:20,540 --> 00:28:15,790 days on the Red Planet 523 00:28:23,160 --> 00:28:20,550 while spirit lasted for 2,200 8 Sol's 524 00:28:28,500 --> 00:28:23,170 opportunity over ten years later today 525 00:28:30,300 --> 00:28:28,510 marks opportunity's 3640 third Saul not 526 00:28:33,090 --> 00:28:30,310 bad for missions that were only supposed 527 00:28:34,560 --> 00:28:33,100 to last for three months well you can 528 00:28:38,430 --> 00:28:34,570 think of Spirit and Opportunity as 529 00:28:41,820 --> 00:28:38,440 mobile geologists studying the geo the 530 00:28:44,220 --> 00:28:41,830 geologic history of Mars well with our 531 00:28:48,870 --> 00:28:44,230 latest rover Curiosity our wheels are 532 00:28:50,520 --> 00:28:48,880 getting even bigger now this one is so 533 00:28:53,070 --> 00:28:50,530 big but I'm only going to hold it up for 534 00:28:55,740 --> 00:28:53,080 a short while this is the rover wheel 535 00:28:59,100 --> 00:28:55,750 for curiosity and as you can see by the 536 00:29:00,750 --> 00:28:59,110 wheel it's a much larger Rover now it's 537 00:29:04,410 --> 00:29:00,760 kind of hard to get an idea of just how 538 00:29:06,540 --> 00:29:04,420 big a rover is by looking at its wheel 539 00:29:08,430 --> 00:29:06,550 so what I did is I got all of our 540 00:29:10,500 --> 00:29:08,440 engineering models those are the Rovers 541 00:29:12,480 --> 00:29:10,510 that we test out here on earth to better 542 00:29:14,850 --> 00:29:12,490 understand how they work before we tell 543 00:29:16,860 --> 00:29:14,860 them to do things on Mars I got them 544 00:29:19,080 --> 00:29:16,870 together I put them in what we call our 545 00:29:22,140 --> 00:29:19,090 Mars yard and a Mars yard is just an 546 00:29:23,700 --> 00:29:22,150 area where we practice and test out our 547 00:29:27,360 --> 00:29:23,710 Rovers so let me bring up a picture and 548 00:29:28,980 --> 00:29:27,370 you can see just how big these Rovers 549 00:29:31,320 --> 00:29:28,990 are compared to each other not only 550 00:29:33,600 --> 00:29:31,330 compared to each other but also compared 551 00:29:34,080 --> 00:29:33,610 to me so there I am right there in the 552 00:29:36,149 --> 00:29:34,090 middle you can 553 00:29:37,470 --> 00:29:36,159 see sojourner up front you can see em ER 554 00:29:39,419 --> 00:29:37,480 on the side that spirit and 555 00:29:40,010 --> 00:29:39,429 opportunities twin and then curiosity on 556 00:29:42,180 --> 00:29:40,020 the right 557 00:29:44,850 --> 00:29:42,190 curiosity is huge at seven feet tall 558 00:29:47,070 --> 00:29:44,860 it's nine feet wide ten feet long and 559 00:29:48,960 --> 00:29:47,080 weighs 2,000 pounds or about a thousand 560 00:29:51,180 --> 00:29:48,970 kilograms it is huge 561 00:29:52,890 --> 00:29:51,190 now the reason that it's so big is 562 00:29:55,289 --> 00:29:52,900 because we had to pack a lot of 563 00:29:57,360 --> 00:29:55,299 scientific instruments into that Rover 564 00:30:00,210 --> 00:29:57,370 so let's take a quick look at some of 565 00:30:04,260 --> 00:30:00,220 those instruments we're gonna switch my 566 00:30:06,330 --> 00:30:04,270 screen here so you can see that now when 567 00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:06,340 I say a lot of instruments I'm talking 568 00:30:10,980 --> 00:30:09,610 about an entire science laboratory that 569 00:30:13,560 --> 00:30:10,990 would take up the size of the room 570 00:30:15,960 --> 00:30:13,570 you're in now packed into this Rover we 571 00:30:18,269 --> 00:30:15,970 have 17 different cameras and 11 572 00:30:20,039 --> 00:30:18,279 scientific instruments let's take a look 573 00:30:22,860 --> 00:30:20,049 at just some of these are you can see 574 00:30:24,240 --> 00:30:22,870 the rover here and when we move up to 575 00:30:25,710 --> 00:30:24,250 the front of the rover we can see the 576 00:30:27,269 --> 00:30:25,720 mast you can think of that as like the 577 00:30:29,159 --> 00:30:27,279 head with the eyes that help the rover 578 00:30:30,840 --> 00:30:29,169 get around it also has a pretty cool 579 00:30:32,940 --> 00:30:30,850 instrument called the chemcam that can 580 00:30:35,250 --> 00:30:32,950 zap rocks from up to 30 feet away with 581 00:30:36,450 --> 00:30:35,260 the laser we can move around here and we 582 00:30:39,060 --> 00:30:36,460 can see the way that it communicates 583 00:30:40,560 --> 00:30:39,070 through its antenna now if we go to the 584 00:30:42,149 --> 00:30:40,570 top of the rover there are a couple 585 00:30:46,320 --> 00:30:42,159 things that are pretty interesting Sam 586 00:30:48,360 --> 00:30:46,330 and chemin are our instruments that the 587 00:30:50,580 --> 00:30:48,370 rover can put samples inside of itself 588 00:30:52,139 --> 00:30:50,590 and analyze and measure them and over 589 00:30:53,549 --> 00:30:52,149 here this is something that I think is 590 00:30:55,980 --> 00:30:53,559 pretty interesting send your name to 591 00:30:58,289 --> 00:30:55,990 Mars there are two microchips with over 592 00:31:02,220 --> 00:30:58,299 1 million names from around the world on 593 00:31:06,750 --> 00:31:02,230 this microchip in fact there are 266 594 00:31:09,419 --> 00:31:06,760 names from Nicaragua 9000 364 names from 595 00:31:11,519 --> 00:31:09,429 Argentina and over 500 thousand names 596 00:31:13,139 --> 00:31:11,529 from the United States on this chip so 597 00:31:15,480 --> 00:31:13,149 when I talk about this being a worldwide 598 00:31:18,779 --> 00:31:15,490 effort it really is truly a worldwide 599 00:31:21,210 --> 00:31:18,789 effort now one thing that I really love 600 00:31:22,409 --> 00:31:21,220 about this Rover is the robotic arm just 601 00:31:27,060 --> 00:31:22,419 by show of hands how many of you are 602 00:31:28,380 --> 00:31:27,070 left-handed alright a few folks are 603 00:31:30,029 --> 00:31:28,390 left-handed well you've got something 604 00:31:31,950 --> 00:31:30,039 special in common with the rover the 605 00:31:34,019 --> 00:31:31,960 rover is left-handed as well and that's 606 00:31:36,120 --> 00:31:34,029 because it's arm is on its left side so 607 00:31:37,919 --> 00:31:36,130 it sort of has to be left-handed and we 608 00:31:40,560 --> 00:31:37,929 say that at the end of the robotic arm 609 00:31:43,289 --> 00:31:40,570 is its hand and that is a rotating 610 00:31:45,480 --> 00:31:43,299 turret it has multiple instruments on it 611 00:31:47,430 --> 00:31:45,490 it has a camera it has something called 612 00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:47,440 a spectrometer that helps us understand 613 00:31:50,610 --> 00:31:48,010 what rocks 614 00:31:53,340 --> 00:31:50,620 made of and one of my favorites is the 615 00:31:54,840 --> 00:31:53,350 Molly camera the Mars hand lens imager 616 00:31:58,140 --> 00:31:54,850 you can think of that it's like a 617 00:32:00,420 --> 00:31:58,150 magnifying glass to look closely so the 618 00:32:03,450 --> 00:32:00,430 rover is packed full of these very very 619 00:32:04,800 --> 00:32:03,460 interesting very very interesting 620 00:32:07,230 --> 00:32:04,810 instruments that help us better 621 00:32:10,260 --> 00:32:07,240 understand the red planet now because 622 00:32:12,570 --> 00:32:10,270 the rover is so big we had to figure out 623 00:32:14,940 --> 00:32:12,580 new ways to land it and the new ways to 624 00:32:16,800 --> 00:32:14,950 land were required because of where we 625 00:32:18,450 --> 00:32:16,810 wanted to go you told me your landing 626 00:32:20,580 --> 00:32:18,460 sites well of those four landing sites 627 00:32:23,490 --> 00:32:20,590 the science and engineering teams here 628 00:32:26,250 --> 00:32:23,500 at NASA they chose Gale Crater as their 629 00:32:28,500 --> 00:32:26,260 landing site and Gale Crater is a very 630 00:32:31,200 --> 00:32:28,510 fascinating place it's a crater that is 631 00:32:33,270 --> 00:32:31,210 about a hundred miles or 150 kilometers 632 00:32:35,580 --> 00:32:33,280 in diameter and it has a huge mountain 633 00:32:37,500 --> 00:32:35,590 in the middle and our landing techniques 634 00:32:39,960 --> 00:32:37,510 while they have gotten better over the 635 00:32:41,640 --> 00:32:39,970 years could not guarantee that we would 636 00:32:43,200 --> 00:32:41,650 not land on the side of a mountain or 637 00:32:45,150 --> 00:32:43,210 the side of the crater we don't want to 638 00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:45,160 do that with a rover and have it tumble 639 00:32:49,320 --> 00:32:48,010 down but with new technologies and 640 00:32:51,750 --> 00:32:49,330 engineering that we developed we were 641 00:32:53,670 --> 00:32:51,760 able to guarantee a very small landing 642 00:32:55,080 --> 00:32:53,680 spot right there in the center and so 643 00:32:57,030 --> 00:32:55,090 what I want to do is I want to play a 644 00:32:59,820 --> 00:32:57,040 quick video for you that will show you 645 00:33:02,730 --> 00:32:59,830 what this technology was how we got it 646 00:33:07,350 --> 00:33:02,740 and why it was so fascinating to see but 647 00:33:11,680 --> 00:33:09,610 you can see here the Mars Science 648 00:33:13,750 --> 00:33:11,690 Laboratory getting its final push from 649 00:33:16,270 --> 00:33:13,760 Earth on its way to Mars it's about 650 00:33:19,870 --> 00:33:16,280 eight and a half months trip even 651 00:33:22,360 --> 00:33:19,880 traveling at tens of thousands now when 652 00:33:29,320 --> 00:33:22,370 it gets to Mars - it's like 13,000 miles 653 00:33:57,870 --> 00:33:29,330 per hour and that's speed when it slows 654 00:34:00,340 --> 00:33:57,880 it down leaving the rover on the surface 655 00:34:06,340 --> 00:34:00,350 now we've been on the surface of Mars 656 00:34:09,909 --> 00:34:06,350 for quite a long time year and a half 657 00:34:12,340 --> 00:34:09,919 and we're excited to figure out more 658 00:34:14,380 --> 00:34:12,350 about it so what I want to do talk about 659 00:34:17,260 --> 00:34:14,390 what happened after we landed well when 660 00:34:19,210 --> 00:34:17,270 we landed on the Red Planet we looked 661 00:34:21,100 --> 00:34:19,220 south and when we looked south we saw 662 00:34:24,330 --> 00:34:21,110 some beautiful sights in fact we saw our 663 00:34:26,290 --> 00:34:24,340 ultimate destination we saw Gale Crater 664 00:34:27,220 --> 00:34:26,300 there's the mountain inside of Gale 665 00:34:28,720 --> 00:34:27,230 Crater excuse me 666 00:34:31,300 --> 00:34:28,730 we saw the mountain inside of Gale 667 00:34:31,750 --> 00:34:31,310 Crater known as Mount sharp and about 10 668 00:34:36,460 --> 00:34:31,760 miles 669 00:34:39,240 --> 00:34:36,470 we saw the base of Mount sharp and 670 00:34:43,000 --> 00:34:39,250 that's ultimately where we wanted to go 671 00:34:47,040 --> 00:34:43,010 now we did look right in that direction 672 00:34:50,980 --> 00:34:47,050 and in fact off in the distance we saw a 673 00:34:53,470 --> 00:34:50,990 rock that often the distance looked 674 00:34:55,390 --> 00:34:53,480 about the size of what curiosity would 675 00:34:57,310 --> 00:34:55,400 be when it gets out to that distance but 676 00:34:59,530 --> 00:34:57,320 instead of heading south we actually 677 00:35:01,870 --> 00:34:59,540 looked and we saw a place that was very 678 00:35:04,170 --> 00:35:01,880 interesting to us a place called Glen 679 00:35:08,740 --> 00:35:04,180 elk and we found it interesting because 680 00:35:10,300 --> 00:35:08,750 these different areas all have different 681 00:35:12,730 --> 00:35:10,310 properties so when we look we see a 682 00:35:14,890 --> 00:35:12,740 light gray area we see this area covered 683 00:35:16,510 --> 00:35:14,900 in craters and then we see our landing 684 00:35:18,250 --> 00:35:16,520 area was a little bit darker and we 685 00:35:19,900 --> 00:35:18,260 thought well if we go there we can 686 00:35:20,920 --> 00:35:19,910 explore all three of these areas without 687 00:35:23,410 --> 00:35:20,930 having to do a lot of 688 00:35:24,880 --> 00:35:23,420 travellin so we traveled over there 689 00:35:26,650 --> 00:35:24,890 thinking maybe we'll spend about a month 690 00:35:28,690 --> 00:35:26,660 or two they're doing some science we'll 691 00:35:31,650 --> 00:35:28,700 it was such a fascinating place that we 692 00:35:33,609 --> 00:35:31,660 actually spent about a year there and 693 00:35:35,260 --> 00:35:33,619 these are some of the things that we 694 00:35:37,359 --> 00:35:35,270 discovered on the right you can see a 695 00:35:40,240 --> 00:35:37,369 rock from Earth called a conglomerate 696 00:35:42,309 --> 00:35:40,250 conglomerates form in water and on the 697 00:35:44,230 --> 00:35:42,319 left you can see a rock on the right now 698 00:35:45,490 --> 00:35:44,240 I'm going to guess and you can raise 699 00:35:47,290 --> 00:35:45,500 your hand to tell me if this is true or 700 00:35:49,089 --> 00:35:47,300 not your teachers will sometimes ask you 701 00:35:53,530 --> 00:35:49,099 to compare and contrast things is that 702 00:35:55,690 --> 00:35:53,540 right that's what I thought 703 00:35:56,980 --> 00:35:55,700 yeah well we have to compare and 704 00:35:59,319 --> 00:35:56,990 contrast two things that we know about 705 00:36:01,750 --> 00:35:59,329 two things that we do not know about and 706 00:36:03,160 --> 00:36:01,760 want to understand better so we looked 707 00:36:04,569 --> 00:36:03,170 at this rock on the left and we thought 708 00:36:07,059 --> 00:36:04,579 that looks a whole lot like a 709 00:36:08,500 --> 00:36:07,069 conglomerate and when we look closely at 710 00:36:10,480 --> 00:36:08,510 it we could see some of these rounded 711 00:36:12,400 --> 00:36:10,490 pebbles and the rounded pebbles that 712 00:36:14,230 --> 00:36:12,410 help make up the conglomerate tell us 713 00:36:16,510 --> 00:36:14,240 that not only was this rock formed in 714 00:36:18,339 --> 00:36:16,520 water but it was formed in water that 715 00:36:20,260 --> 00:36:18,349 was flowing because as those rocks 716 00:36:22,540 --> 00:36:20,270 tumbled they got smoothed out by the 717 00:36:24,250 --> 00:36:22,550 flowing water so we found a lot of very 718 00:36:27,789 --> 00:36:24,260 interesting things out just by looking 719 00:36:29,289 --> 00:36:27,799 at that now one thing that I think is 720 00:36:31,059 --> 00:36:29,299 very fascinating and I already mentioned 721 00:36:33,819 --> 00:36:31,069 this a little bit is that robotic arm 722 00:36:38,859 --> 00:36:33,829 that I talked about and the robotic arm 723 00:36:41,260 --> 00:36:38,869 is about seven feet long meaning if it 724 00:36:41,920 --> 00:36:41,270 were able to hold a basketball it could 725 00:36:45,010 --> 00:36:41,930 slam dunk 726 00:36:46,720 --> 00:36:45,020 and what that robotic arm was able to do 727 00:36:49,089 --> 00:36:46,730 and we'll take a quick look at some of 728 00:36:52,900 --> 00:36:49,099 the things that it is being tested with 729 00:36:56,440 --> 00:36:52,910 that robotic arm has a drill at the end 730 00:36:58,480 --> 00:36:56,450 of it and that drill allows us to see 731 00:36:59,710 --> 00:36:58,490 some pretty astute some pretty 732 00:37:03,910 --> 00:36:59,720 interesting science something we've 733 00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:03,920 never been able to do before and if you 734 00:37:08,920 --> 00:37:06,410 take a look at this image right here 735 00:37:12,609 --> 00:37:08,930 this is a rock that we named john klein 736 00:37:14,890 --> 00:37:12,619 and john klein while it's gray in this 737 00:37:16,420 --> 00:37:14,900 picture is actually this reddish color 738 00:37:18,760 --> 00:37:16,430 that we're so familiar with when we look 739 00:37:20,140 --> 00:37:18,770 at Mars and when we drilled into it we 740 00:37:22,030 --> 00:37:20,150 saw something very interesting the 741 00:37:25,270 --> 00:37:22,040 powder that we drilled out of it was 742 00:37:27,970 --> 00:37:25,280 grey and looking at that gray powder we 743 00:37:29,410 --> 00:37:27,980 scooped it up we put it inside one of 744 00:37:30,819 --> 00:37:29,420 those instruments that I mentioned on 745 00:37:33,850 --> 00:37:30,829 the top of the rover we opened the hatch 746 00:37:35,710 --> 00:37:33,860 then we closed it back up and when 747 00:37:37,780 --> 00:37:35,720 we looked at it we got a very 748 00:37:39,430 --> 00:37:37,790 interesting readout now when we get 749 00:37:41,590 --> 00:37:39,440 science readouts from Messiah from 750 00:37:42,640 --> 00:37:41,600 curiosity they don't look like the sort 751 00:37:44,730 --> 00:37:42,650 of reports that you might read a 752 00:37:49,240 --> 00:37:44,740 newspaper or in the book or a magazine 753 00:37:51,760 --> 00:37:49,250 this is what we saw and while they look 754 00:37:54,130 --> 00:37:51,770 similar on each side the picture on the 755 00:37:56,050 --> 00:37:54,140 right has something that somebody 756 00:37:58,330 --> 00:37:56,060 mentioned earlier a phyllosilicate and a 757 00:38:01,300 --> 00:37:58,340 phyllosilicate is a clay that forms in 758 00:38:04,200 --> 00:38:01,310 water and when we looked very closely at 759 00:38:08,140 --> 00:38:04,210 this what we detected were carbon 760 00:38:10,720 --> 00:38:08,150 hydrogen nitrogen oxygen phosphorus and 761 00:38:12,670 --> 00:38:10,730 sulfur those six ingredients that we 762 00:38:14,290 --> 00:38:12,680 understand are necessary for life and so 763 00:38:16,740 --> 00:38:14,300 what this did is it accomplished one of 764 00:38:18,850 --> 00:38:16,750 our main scientific objectives to 765 00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:18,860 understand whether or not Mars was ever 766 00:38:24,070 --> 00:38:21,410 able to support life and sure enough it 767 00:38:27,220 --> 00:38:24,080 was now that doesn't mean Mars has life 768 00:38:30,520 --> 00:38:27,230 or even had life but it had the ability 769 00:38:31,690 --> 00:38:30,530 to support it now because we spent so 770 00:38:33,790 --> 00:38:31,700 much time on the Red Planet 771 00:38:35,980 --> 00:38:33,800 all right see me ha ha at that one 772 00:38:38,470 --> 00:38:35,990 location that I mentioned we still 773 00:38:40,900 --> 00:38:38,480 needed to get down to where we were 774 00:38:44,680 --> 00:38:40,910 originally wanting to go and so what we 775 00:38:47,230 --> 00:38:44,690 did is we quickly let's see if we can 776 00:38:55,120 --> 00:38:47,240 switch over there alright we quickly 777 00:38:56,830 --> 00:38:55,130 made our way south work on the rover 778 00:38:58,480 --> 00:38:56,840 we're now at a place that we are calling 779 00:38:59,860 --> 00:38:58,490 the Kimberley you can see down here and 780 00:39:02,080 --> 00:38:59,870 this is one of our very interesting 781 00:39:04,030 --> 00:39:02,090 science stops that we're excited about 782 00:39:05,440 --> 00:39:04,040 what we might find there now on the way 783 00:39:06,700 --> 00:39:05,450 there we've been doing some science as 784 00:39:08,610 --> 00:39:06,710 well but most of what we've been doing 785 00:39:13,690 --> 00:39:08,620 is driving to get to our main location 786 00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:13,700 one of the tools I mentioned was the cam 787 00:39:17,950 --> 00:39:16,010 cam that was the laser at the top of the 788 00:39:20,620 --> 00:39:17,960 rover that allows us to zap rocks from a 789 00:39:24,700 --> 00:39:20,630 good distance away when we look at 790 00:39:27,430 --> 00:39:24,710 chemcam the results again are a little 791 00:39:27,850 --> 00:39:27,440 bit different and we get something 792 00:39:29,140 --> 00:39:27,860 called 793 00:39:32,410 --> 00:39:29,150 a spectra now how many of your teachers 794 00:39:33,940 --> 00:39:32,420 have you work on graphs in school just 795 00:39:35,530 --> 00:39:33,950 by quick show of hands all right well 796 00:39:37,810 --> 00:39:35,540 being able to read a graph is very 797 00:39:39,970 --> 00:39:37,820 helpful if you're going to look at 798 00:39:42,280 --> 00:39:39,980 different spectra and wouldn't use a box 799 00:39:44,020 --> 00:39:42,290 we get some things that look like this 800 00:39:45,490 --> 00:39:44,030 and the different peaks and the 801 00:39:47,650 --> 00:39:45,500 different troughs where it goes up and 802 00:39:49,450 --> 00:39:47,660 where it goes down tell us what types of 803 00:39:51,130 --> 00:39:49,460 these are so what we're going to do 804 00:39:53,470 --> 00:39:51,140 we're going to very quickly take a look 805 00:39:56,049 --> 00:39:53,480 at some worksheets that you happen to 806 00:39:57,609 --> 00:39:56,059 have with you so if you have those 807 00:39:59,049 --> 00:39:57,619 spectral worksheets we're actually going 808 00:40:01,569 --> 00:39:59,059 to just look at the first spectral 809 00:40:02,980 --> 00:40:01,579 worksheet that looks like this and we're 810 00:40:04,210 --> 00:40:02,990 going to look at the third one so if you 811 00:40:07,630 --> 00:40:04,220 have that second one you'll actually be 812 00:40:09,190 --> 00:40:07,640 able to save that one for later so what 813 00:40:11,319 --> 00:40:09,200 I want you to do is I want you to look 814 00:40:13,539 --> 00:40:11,329 very carefully at this you see four 815 00:40:18,160 --> 00:40:13,549 different spectra of Martian rocks one 816 00:40:21,069 --> 00:40:18,170 we named a LH 77051 named Nakhla and one 817 00:40:24,660 --> 00:40:21,079 named zaga me excuse me and a fourth one 818 00:40:27,940 --> 00:40:24,670 named eet seven nine zero zero one and 819 00:40:30,549 --> 00:40:27,950 these four rock samples represent three 820 00:40:34,150 --> 00:40:30,559 different types of rocks meaning two of 821 00:40:35,859 --> 00:40:34,160 them are going to be very similar so 822 00:40:37,390 --> 00:40:35,869 what I want you to do is look closely at 823 00:40:39,910 --> 00:40:37,400 these and of course you know the order 824 00:40:43,630 --> 00:40:39,920 we're going into I am going to ask our 825 00:40:45,609 --> 00:40:43,640 first school and buena sera excuse me in 826 00:41:01,930 --> 00:40:45,619 Buenos Aires to tell me one rock that 827 00:41:06,100 --> 00:41:04,160 - areas go ahead and unmute your 828 00:41:08,510 --> 00:41:06,110 microphone 829 00:41:15,620 --> 00:41:08,520 we believe that the two matching rocks 830 00:41:18,820 --> 00:41:15,630 are the Sagami and the eet 7 9 0 0 1 all 831 00:41:20,960 --> 00:41:18,830 right excellent thinking let's take a a 832 00:41:27,940 --> 00:41:20,970 response from Kramer middle school 833 00:41:32,750 --> 00:41:30,550 all right Kramer 834 00:41:40,400 --> 00:41:32,760 agree or disagree which ones do you 835 00:41:53,960 --> 00:41:40,410 think we agree agree so Jack enjoy all 836 00:41:58,130 --> 00:41:53,970 right so we're going to jump forward now 837 00:42:00,650 --> 00:41:58,140 and we are going to go to our next 838 00:42:02,720 --> 00:42:00,660 grouping you should see zaga me again 839 00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:02,730 there at the clock and when you're 840 00:42:10,310 --> 00:42:05,010 looking at this one I would like you to 841 00:42:12,380 --> 00:42:10,320 see that there are not exact matches 842 00:42:14,960 --> 00:42:12,390 because some of these are composed of 843 00:42:17,120 --> 00:42:14,970 different types of rock they might have 844 00:42:18,920 --> 00:42:17,130 a little bit of quartz in them they 845 00:42:20,450 --> 00:42:18,930 might have some labradorite some objects 846 00:42:24,230 --> 00:42:20,460 and a mobile or some force all right 847 00:42:27,710 --> 00:42:24,240 what I want to know from you is which of 848 00:42:31,190 --> 00:42:27,720 these do you think is closest to zaga me 849 00:42:32,720 --> 00:42:31,200 so we have 5 different options there and 850 00:42:33,890 --> 00:42:32,730 three of them are very similar so I'm 851 00:42:36,070 --> 00:42:33,900 going to ask each of our remaining 852 00:42:40,730 --> 00:42:36,080 schools to choose one that they think 853 00:42:44,510 --> 00:42:40,740 matches closely with zaga me so we'll 854 00:43:05,120 --> 00:42:44,520 start with Managua what do you think is 855 00:43:11,240 --> 00:43:09,059 people could you respond a little bit 856 00:43:16,740 --> 00:43:11,250 louder please 857 00:43:18,180 --> 00:43:16,750 I'm feeble I'm feeble okay alright so 858 00:43:19,829 --> 00:43:18,190 that's one choice we think might be 859 00:43:20,819 --> 00:43:19,839 correct let's check in with film in New 860 00:43:41,510 --> 00:43:20,829 Jersey what do you think might be 861 00:43:50,190 --> 00:43:47,390 okay could you hear us yeah it's like 862 00:43:51,599 --> 00:43:50,200 and that is exactly what we do we look 863 00:43:53,849 --> 00:43:51,609 at the different patterns to see if they 864 00:43:55,500 --> 00:43:53,859 are similar to things that we know all 865 00:43:57,089 --> 00:43:55,510 right so let's check in now with our 866 00:44:01,490 --> 00:43:57,099 school in Houston Texas what do you 867 00:44:05,039 --> 00:44:01,500 think could be a match so I can meet and 868 00:44:07,079 --> 00:44:05,049 not drive all right so you've got Zach a 869 00:44:08,940 --> 00:44:07,089 meme labradorite matchstick well let's 870 00:44:11,940 --> 00:44:08,950 take a look at which three match up with 871 00:44:15,839 --> 00:44:11,950 Zach I mean we have a giant and the bull 872 00:44:17,970 --> 00:44:15,849 and four straight so this can be a very 873 00:44:19,680 --> 00:44:17,980 challenging thing for us to have to 874 00:44:22,289 --> 00:44:19,690 figure out and understand what these 875 00:44:24,299 --> 00:44:22,299 different rocks are made of but nicely 876 00:44:26,190 --> 00:44:24,309 done you all did an excellent job now 877 00:44:28,020 --> 00:44:26,200 what I would like to do is I would like 878 00:44:30,539 --> 00:44:28,030 to introduce to you a very special guest 879 00:44:31,230 --> 00:44:30,549 and let's bring us up on the screen here 880 00:44:34,250 --> 00:44:31,240 all right 881 00:44:36,390 --> 00:44:34,260 hi everyone I want you to meet our 882 00:44:39,390 --> 00:44:36,400 deputy project scientist for the Mars 883 00:44:41,930 --> 00:44:39,400 Science Laboratory Ashwin Vasavada - how 884 00:44:44,819 --> 00:44:41,940 are you today great thank you everybody 885 00:44:46,140 --> 00:44:44,829 excellent thank you so much for being 886 00:44:48,230 --> 00:44:46,150 here today I really appreciate you 887 00:44:51,089 --> 00:44:48,240 taking time out of your day to do this 888 00:44:54,359 --> 00:44:51,099 we were wondering what is your role on 889 00:44:58,170 --> 00:44:54,369 the Mars Science Laboratory sure so I'm 890 00:45:00,870 --> 00:44:58,180 a scientist I studied science in in 891 00:45:03,089 --> 00:45:00,880 University and then spend a lot of time 892 00:45:05,280 --> 00:45:03,099 learning how to do research in planetary 893 00:45:07,319 --> 00:45:05,290 science and make discoveries came here 894 00:45:09,510 --> 00:45:07,329 about 10 years ago to work on the Mars 895 00:45:13,020 --> 00:45:09,520 Science Laboratory with the rover 896 00:45:14,640 --> 00:45:13,030 Curiosity and in the last 10 years 897 00:45:16,650 --> 00:45:14,650 that's the only job I've had here I've 898 00:45:18,660 --> 00:45:16,660 been working on curiosity since the very 899 00:45:21,720 --> 00:45:18,670 since we were just drawing little 900 00:45:23,880 --> 00:45:21,730 designs on on paper and now it's been 901 00:45:26,280 --> 00:45:23,890 exploring Mars for almost two years my 902 00:45:28,770 --> 00:45:26,290 job as a scientist has been to help 903 00:45:31,670 --> 00:45:28,780 design what experiments that we do with 904 00:45:34,770 --> 00:45:31,680 curiosity what cameras and other 905 00:45:36,600 --> 00:45:34,780 instruments we put on the rover and then 906 00:45:38,130 --> 00:45:36,610 now that we're on Mars surface to 907 00:45:40,560 --> 00:45:38,140 actually study the data and help plan 908 00:45:43,260 --> 00:45:40,570 what we do every day and just now came 909 00:45:45,630 --> 00:45:43,270 back from helping design what the rover 910 00:45:47,880 --> 00:45:45,640 is gonna do on Mars tomorrow so you knew 911 00:45:49,410 --> 00:45:47,890 not only planning on on how to build the 912 00:45:50,940 --> 00:45:49,420 rover but what the rover is doing on a 913 00:45:53,040 --> 00:45:50,950 day to day basis that's right yeah that 914 00:45:55,640 --> 00:45:53,050 sounds like a fascinating job it's fun 915 00:45:57,300 --> 00:45:55,650 now do you have a favorite instrument 916 00:45:59,640 --> 00:45:57,310 that's a tough one 917 00:46:01,710 --> 00:45:59,650 you know the reason the rover is so big 918 00:46:03,030 --> 00:46:01,720 is because we send laboratories to Mars 919 00:46:05,040 --> 00:46:03,040 the reason is called the Mars Science 920 00:46:06,840 --> 00:46:05,050 Laboratory is we took the kind of 921 00:46:08,370 --> 00:46:06,850 experiments that you do in a big 922 00:46:10,650 --> 00:46:08,380 laboratory that might fill a room this 923 00:46:12,840 --> 00:46:10,660 size we shrunk those laboratory 924 00:46:14,400 --> 00:46:12,850 experiments down to about something 925 00:46:16,830 --> 00:46:14,410 about this big and then put them on a 926 00:46:18,390 --> 00:46:16,840 big Rover that can carry him around so I 927 00:46:21,810 --> 00:46:18,400 love those laboratories but they're 928 00:46:23,940 --> 00:46:21,820 really complex and and also produce some 929 00:46:25,230 --> 00:46:23,950 of our best scientific results but if I 930 00:46:26,910 --> 00:46:25,240 had to choose a favorite I'd probably 931 00:46:28,650 --> 00:46:26,920 choose some of the cameras because the 932 00:46:30,300 --> 00:46:28,660 cameras you know we all love pictures 933 00:46:32,400 --> 00:46:30,310 and it really makes me feel everyday 934 00:46:35,300 --> 00:46:32,410 that I'm working on Mars even though 935 00:46:37,680 --> 00:46:35,310 it's a robot 150 million miles away 936 00:46:39,120 --> 00:46:37,690 excellent well I can understand why you 937 00:46:41,100 --> 00:46:39,130 would like the cameras I love the 938 00:46:42,480 --> 00:46:41,110 pictures as well all right well thank 939 00:46:44,190 --> 00:46:42,490 you Ashwin for joining us what I would 940 00:46:46,560 --> 00:46:44,200 like to do is I would like to open up an 941 00:46:48,420 --> 00:46:46,570 opportunity for not only our schools who 942 00:46:50,790 --> 00:46:48,430 are joining us today but also those of 943 00:46:52,650 --> 00:46:50,800 you who are watching online to ask some 944 00:46:54,960 --> 00:46:52,660 questions of you and Jim green back at 945 00:46:56,550 --> 00:46:54,970 headquarters great excuse me he's at the 946 00:47:00,420 --> 00:46:56,560 USA science and engineering festival 947 00:47:01,800 --> 00:47:00,430 today so if you are online and want to 948 00:47:05,190 --> 00:47:01,810 submit some questions you can use the 949 00:47:06,840 --> 00:47:05,200 hashtag Mars field trip and I'll be 950 00:47:09,270 --> 00:47:06,850 monitoring those in just a few minutes 951 00:47:12,120 --> 00:47:09,280 to check those out but what we're going 952 00:47:14,130 --> 00:47:12,130 to do is we're going to start and head 953 00:47:15,810 --> 00:47:14,140 to Argentina with your questions so 954 00:47:23,360 --> 00:47:15,820 please if you would speak nice and loud 955 00:47:29,650 --> 00:47:26,070 well you find science of the month in 956 00:47:31,240 --> 00:47:29,660 Mars what would we do what is your plan 957 00:47:34,180 --> 00:47:31,250 would you tell the world immediately 958 00:47:36,999 --> 00:47:34,190 about it or you would keep it as a 959 00:47:38,829 --> 00:47:37,009 secret all right so if we found signs of 960 00:47:41,109 --> 00:47:38,839 life on Mars what would we do 961 00:47:43,089 --> 00:47:41,119 is there even a plan would you tell the 962 00:47:45,180 --> 00:47:43,099 world or would repel this islet I love 963 00:47:51,009 --> 00:47:45,190 that Jim and osh will handle this okay 964 00:47:55,720 --> 00:47:51,019 Jim would you like to go I mean life is 965 00:47:58,690 --> 00:47:55,730 such an unbelievable step in our 966 00:48:00,970 --> 00:47:58,700 understanding of how life might exist 967 00:48:02,620 --> 00:48:00,980 throughout the universe we'll have to 968 00:48:05,650 --> 00:48:02,630 have proof 969 00:48:08,289 --> 00:48:05,660 it's an extraordinary claim it requires 970 00:48:12,490 --> 00:48:08,299 extraordinary proof so we will have to 971 00:48:21,309 --> 00:48:12,500 least bring back samples and interrogate 972 00:48:23,470 --> 00:48:21,319 them here on earth Ashwin yeah this 973 00:48:25,450 --> 00:48:23,480 would be such an important discovery for 974 00:48:27,099 --> 00:48:25,460 all of us who study Mars and all of us 975 00:48:29,980 --> 00:48:27,109 as humans to know that life exists 976 00:48:33,880 --> 00:48:29,990 somewhere else in our solar system that 977 00:48:36,400 --> 00:48:33,890 we would have to not only on Mars we do 978 00:48:38,859 --> 00:48:36,410 a lot of follow-up experiments and then 979 00:48:41,589 --> 00:48:38,869 as Jim said we'd bring the samples back 980 00:48:43,150 --> 00:48:41,599 to earth with future missions so we 981 00:48:45,009 --> 00:48:43,160 would you know we would bring the public 982 00:48:46,420 --> 00:48:45,019 along we would tell all of you all those 983 00:48:48,789 --> 00:48:46,430 steps that we're doing because we don't 984 00:48:50,650 --> 00:48:48,799 hide anything from anybody but there's a 985 00:48:52,839 --> 00:48:50,660 difference between hiding it and just 986 00:48:54,970 --> 00:48:52,849 not running out and shouting the result 987 00:48:56,859 --> 00:48:54,980 right away before we are sure ourselves 988 00:48:58,749 --> 00:48:56,869 that we really believe it so a lot of 989 00:49:00,279 --> 00:48:58,759 what science is is just asking a whole 990 00:49:02,589 --> 00:49:00,289 series of questions - they really are 991 00:49:03,630 --> 00:49:02,599 sure that you've addressed the question 992 00:49:05,650 --> 00:49:03,640 that you're asking 993 00:49:08,259 --> 00:49:05,660 excellent question and thank you for the 994 00:49:12,880 --> 00:49:08,269 great responses let's move on to Cramer 995 00:49:16,720 --> 00:49:12,890 middle school do you how do Sciences 996 00:49:21,059 --> 00:49:16,730 named the places they go all Mars that's 997 00:49:23,920 --> 00:49:21,069 a great question I think it's different 998 00:49:26,170 --> 00:49:23,930 that goes to Mars because the missions 999 00:49:28,329 --> 00:49:26,180 are made up of different people for 1000 00:49:31,480 --> 00:49:28,339 curiosity what we decided was to name 1001 00:49:33,039 --> 00:49:31,490 the features after really important 1002 00:49:35,440 --> 00:49:33,049 sites where things were discovered on 1003 00:49:37,420 --> 00:49:35,450 earth so when we first got to the 1004 00:49:39,160 --> 00:49:37,430 landing site where curiosity is we 1005 00:49:42,759 --> 00:49:39,170 mapped it we created a whole series of 1006 00:49:43,930 --> 00:49:42,769 maps and then we chose individual sites 1007 00:49:47,620 --> 00:49:43,940 that 1008 00:49:49,660 --> 00:49:47,630 important things were discovered on 1009 00:49:52,210 --> 00:49:49,670 earth like where the oldest rocks were 1010 00:49:54,400 --> 00:49:52,220 ever discovered on earth in the North 1011 00:49:57,040 --> 00:49:54,410 American comment is the place that we 1012 00:49:59,020 --> 00:49:57,050 named after Yellowknife Bay and then now 1013 00:50:01,000 --> 00:49:59,030 we're in a part of Mars without we're 1014 00:50:02,710 --> 00:50:01,010 exploring called the Kimberley which is 1015 00:50:07,450 --> 00:50:02,720 a really important part of northern 1016 00:50:08,830 --> 00:50:07,460 northwestern Australia alright thank you 1017 00:50:11,710 --> 00:50:08,840 for the great question let's go ahead 1018 00:50:15,090 --> 00:50:11,720 and check in with Managua Nicaragua to 1019 00:50:19,600 --> 00:50:15,100 see if they have any questions for us 1020 00:50:23,830 --> 00:50:19,610 well I did see some remarks if it has is 1021 00:50:25,060 --> 00:50:23,840 different on each site did you repeat 1022 00:50:25,990 --> 00:50:25,070 the question once more I had a little 1023 00:50:32,410 --> 00:50:26,000 hard time hearing you 1024 00:50:35,770 --> 00:50:32,420 I did see some remarks it's different on 1025 00:50:38,140 --> 00:50:35,780 each site so are there seasons on Mars 1026 00:50:40,240 --> 00:50:38,150 right yeah that that's a really 1027 00:50:42,250 --> 00:50:40,250 interesting one because Mars and Earth 1028 00:50:45,310 --> 00:50:42,260 are actually amazingly similar in that 1029 00:50:47,650 --> 00:50:45,320 respect so Mars and Earth both have a 24 1030 00:50:50,590 --> 00:50:47,660 hour day roughly Mars is just 37 minutes 1031 00:50:52,780 --> 00:50:50,600 longer and then Mars and Earth also tilt 1032 00:50:55,900 --> 00:50:52,790 on their axis as they go around the Sun 1033 00:50:57,970 --> 00:50:55,910 in a very similar angle so just like on 1034 00:50:59,650 --> 00:50:57,980 earth there's winter and summer in the 1035 00:51:01,200 --> 00:50:59,660 northern part of Mars and there's winter 1036 00:51:05,050 --> 00:51:01,210 and summer on the southern part of Mars 1037 00:51:07,030 --> 00:51:05,060 and the only difference really that we 1038 00:51:09,940 --> 00:51:07,040 notice is that because Mars is further 1039 00:51:12,220 --> 00:51:09,950 out from the Sun its year is much longer 1040 00:51:14,200 --> 00:51:12,230 it takes longer to go around the Sun but 1041 00:51:16,150 --> 00:51:14,210 curiosity landed near the equator and 1042 00:51:18,580 --> 00:51:16,160 just like near the equator on earth 1043 00:51:21,040 --> 00:51:18,590 where some of you are that the seasons 1044 00:51:23,530 --> 00:51:21,050 are as extreme but when we land up near 1045 00:51:26,280 --> 00:51:23,540 the poles of Mars we see a really cold 1046 00:51:27,910 --> 00:51:26,290 winter and a really warm summer 1047 00:51:31,210 --> 00:51:27,920 excellent question 1048 00:51:38,400 --> 00:51:31,220 all right let's check in to Metcalf 1049 00:51:38,410 --> 00:51:45,660 how long did it take to build Robert 1050 00:51:54,910 --> 00:51:51,520 well we started you know the initial 1051 00:51:57,310 --> 00:51:54,920 idea is what really was we needed a big 1052 00:51:58,990 --> 00:51:57,320 one if advertised tomorrow 1053 00:52:01,750 --> 00:51:59,000 whole sophisticated scientific 1054 00:52:05,650 --> 00:52:01,760 experiments on Mars with rocks and soils 1055 00:52:07,270 --> 00:52:05,660 all started around 2001 or 2002 and it 1056 00:52:09,010 --> 00:52:07,280 built along the discoveries of 1057 00:52:14,290 --> 00:52:09,020 everything that we bought on Mars before 1058 00:52:15,760 --> 00:52:14,300 though by about 2004 we had an idea the 1059 00:52:18,100 --> 00:52:15,770 entire war don't help them should be 1060 00:52:21,520 --> 00:52:18,110 ideas and even instruments to fly to 1061 00:52:26,710 --> 00:52:21,530 Mars then we built it from about 2004 1062 00:52:29,320 --> 00:52:26,720 until about 2011 and launched it in 2011 1063 00:52:32,020 --> 00:52:29,330 arrived in 2012 and then hopefully we'll 1064 00:52:34,720 --> 00:52:32,030 operate it for another I don't know five 1065 00:52:37,630 --> 00:52:34,730 ten years if we're lucky so all in all 1066 00:52:39,040 --> 00:52:37,640 it could be more than 20 years that's 1067 00:52:40,360 --> 00:52:39,050 quite a long time to be working on a 1068 00:52:42,610 --> 00:52:40,370 project do you hope to be there for the 1069 00:52:44,440 --> 00:52:42,620 whole 20 years if it extends that lie I 1070 00:52:47,680 --> 00:52:44,450 hope to be here and I'll certainly 1071 00:52:49,240 --> 00:52:47,690 follow it no matter what well we've got 1072 00:52:51,670 --> 00:52:49,250 a question that came in from Twitter 1073 00:52:54,310 --> 00:52:51,680 using the ask excuse me the Mars field 1074 00:53:01,600 --> 00:52:54,320 trip hashtag and Jim maybe you can help 1075 00:53:03,880 --> 00:53:01,610 us to answer this question Lyle you'll 1076 00:53:06,190 --> 00:53:03,890 have to ask that again please certainly 1077 00:53:09,700 --> 00:53:06,200 the question big question will there be 1078 00:53:13,150 --> 00:53:09,710 another Mars rover good question 1079 00:53:14,490 --> 00:53:13,160 actually my answer to that is absolutely 1080 00:53:17,740 --> 00:53:14,500 yes 1081 00:53:20,080 --> 00:53:17,750 you know we're continuing on that 1082 00:53:21,940 --> 00:53:20,090 wonderful tradition of getting down on 1083 00:53:24,520 --> 00:53:21,950 the ground and exploring there's many 1084 00:53:27,010 --> 00:53:24,530 more sites that we need to go to and so 1085 00:53:29,650 --> 00:53:27,020 right now we have on the drawing board 1086 00:53:31,720 --> 00:53:29,660 at that early phase that Ashwin 1087 00:53:35,830 --> 00:53:31,730 mentioned that curiosity was in the 1088 00:53:39,640 --> 00:53:35,840 early 2000s a Mars mission a rover that 1089 00:53:42,190 --> 00:53:39,650 we call right now Mars 2020 only because 1090 00:53:46,030 --> 00:53:42,200 our plan is to launch it in in the year 1091 00:53:49,060 --> 00:53:46,040 2020 it's a great Rover it's got all 1092 00:53:53,110 --> 00:53:49,070 kinds of wonderful experiments on it and 1093 00:53:55,870 --> 00:53:53,120 it looks very similar to what Curiosity 1094 00:53:58,300 --> 00:53:55,880 looks like now we curiosity is is a 1095 00:54:00,780 --> 00:53:58,310 one-ton Rover that we were able to put 1096 00:54:02,950 --> 00:54:00,790 down on the ground so it has a wonderful 1097 00:54:04,870 --> 00:54:02,960 infrastructure to be able to deliver a 1098 00:54:08,230 --> 00:54:04,880 whole series of different instruments 1099 00:54:13,630 --> 00:54:08,240 and so that's our next approach is to 1100 00:54:17,990 --> 00:54:15,980 excellent thank you so much Jim all 1101 00:54:31,130 --> 00:54:18,000 right let's head back to Argentina for 1102 00:54:36,769 --> 00:54:33,890 hello my name is Austin Ram I am 1103 00:54:41,210 --> 00:54:36,779 mysterion nursing schools at home 1104 00:54:44,299 --> 00:54:41,220 mission how much does it cost how much 1105 00:54:49,339 --> 00:54:44,309 does the whole mission cost Jim do you 1106 00:54:53,380 --> 00:54:49,349 want to take that one well let's see it 1107 00:54:57,009 --> 00:54:53,390 it is not it is not an inexpensive 1108 00:55:00,950 --> 00:54:57,019 activity to go to Mars and in fact 1109 00:55:05,089 --> 00:55:00,960 curiosity cost approximately 2.5 billion 1110 00:55:09,319 --> 00:55:05,099 dollars but that actually is spent here 1111 00:55:14,479 --> 00:55:09,329 on earth it helps our scientists it 1112 00:55:18,499 --> 00:55:14,489 funds our engineers it really makes the 1113 00:55:21,049 --> 00:55:18,509 exciting part of exploration happen and 1114 00:55:22,579 --> 00:55:21,059 it allows us to tell the world what 1115 00:55:25,430 --> 00:55:22,589 we've been doing and what we've been 1116 00:55:29,479 --> 00:55:25,440 discovering so it's a real bargain in my 1117 00:55:31,729 --> 00:55:29,489 mind I would agree I I heard someone 1118 00:55:33,769 --> 00:55:31,739 describe it as if everybody in America 1119 00:55:36,440 --> 00:55:33,779 bought a movie ticket and and I think 1120 00:55:39,559 --> 00:55:36,450 that's a pretty worthwhile investment to 1121 00:55:41,779 --> 00:55:39,569 to do so excellent question and thank 1122 00:55:43,519 --> 00:55:41,789 you for that answer Jim let's go on now 1123 00:55:45,440 --> 00:55:43,529 to Cramer middle school since we're 1124 00:55:53,630 --> 00:55:45,450 since we're right there on camera do you 1125 00:55:59,210 --> 00:55:53,640 have another question for us are we 1126 00:56:09,249 --> 00:55:59,220 gonna go to the Mars movie are we going 1127 00:56:11,839 --> 00:56:09,259 to Mars Mars one thing we're doing that 1128 00:56:13,400 --> 00:56:11,849 we don't get a lot of time to tell 1129 00:56:15,470 --> 00:56:13,410 everybody about it is that we actually 1130 00:56:16,069 --> 00:56:15,480 do some astronomy right from the surface 1131 00:56:18,499 --> 00:56:16,079 of Mars 1132 00:56:21,349 --> 00:56:18,509 so with curiosity and with opportunity 1133 00:56:23,239 --> 00:56:21,359 and spirit before us we look up and take 1134 00:56:25,099 --> 00:56:23,249 pictures of Mars moons just like we can 1135 00:56:26,989 --> 00:56:25,109 see the moon from Earth we can see 1136 00:56:29,479 --> 00:56:26,999 Phobos and Deimos in the night sky on 1137 00:56:35,359 --> 00:56:29,489 Mars but how about Jim are we ever going 1138 00:56:38,569 --> 00:56:35,369 to go there my bet is one day absolutely 1139 00:56:42,380 --> 00:56:38,579 Phobos and Deimos or the space station 1140 00:56:44,150 --> 00:56:42,390 of Mars that we really don't know a lot 1141 00:56:44,810 --> 00:56:44,160 about them they could be captured 1142 00:56:47,870 --> 00:56:44,820 asteroid 1143 00:56:51,620 --> 00:56:47,880 they could be left over from how Mars 1144 00:56:54,620 --> 00:56:51,630 accreted and was created but we do know 1145 00:56:57,590 --> 00:56:54,630 that there's Mars material all over 1146 00:56:59,180 --> 00:56:57,600 those two bodies because cratering that 1147 00:57:02,360 --> 00:56:59,190 happens on Mars 1148 00:57:05,390 --> 00:57:02,370 blows material up in the sky and Phobos 1149 00:57:07,850 --> 00:57:05,400 and Deimos has been collecting those so 1150 00:57:10,370 --> 00:57:07,860 there are a wonderful opportunity for us 1151 00:57:12,020 --> 00:57:10,380 to do some fabulous science it's a 1152 00:57:13,880 --> 00:57:12,030 wonderful opportunity for us to 1153 00:57:16,640 --> 00:57:13,890 understand their structure and know what 1154 00:57:19,190 --> 00:57:16,650 they are and to really understand a 1155 00:57:22,580 --> 00:57:19,200 little bit more about how Mars is being 1156 00:57:25,190 --> 00:57:22,590 put together so let's see if we can do 1157 00:57:27,350 --> 00:57:25,200 that in the future excellent I love your 1158 00:57:30,950 --> 00:57:27,360 positivity about that absolutely one day 1159 00:57:33,920 --> 00:57:30,960 I'm excited for that day let's now move 1160 00:57:48,140 --> 00:57:33,930 on to Managua Nicaragua for our next 1161 00:57:49,970 --> 00:57:48,150 question could you say that again really 1162 00:57:55,400 --> 00:57:49,980 really loud almost like you're shouting 1163 00:58:00,680 --> 00:57:57,680 so if humans go to Mars what will they 1164 00:58:03,470 --> 00:58:00,690 do first that's really interesting thing 1165 00:58:06,230 --> 00:58:03,480 to think about I think one thing they'll 1166 00:58:09,700 --> 00:58:06,240 do is you know they'll be very early 1167 00:58:12,020 --> 00:58:09,710 explorers just like easily explored 1168 00:58:14,210 --> 00:58:12,030 going in ships around the world for the 1169 00:58:16,100 --> 00:58:14,220 first time and discovering new lands 1170 00:58:17,660 --> 00:58:16,110 it's a lot of what we'll have to do when 1171 00:58:20,180 --> 00:58:17,670 we first bring humans to Mars is just 1172 00:58:22,610 --> 00:58:20,190 learn how to live to practice just 1173 00:58:25,010 --> 00:58:22,620 generating the the food and water that 1174 00:58:27,770 --> 00:58:25,020 we need in the shelter and then of 1175 00:58:29,840 --> 00:58:27,780 course getting there and coming back but 1176 00:58:32,210 --> 00:58:29,850 hopefully one day we'll go for good and 1177 00:58:34,730 --> 00:58:32,220 we'll establish permanent colonies on 1178 00:58:36,080 --> 00:58:34,740 Mars just like people set up colonies 1179 00:58:38,660 --> 00:58:36,090 around different places on earth and 1180 00:58:39,850 --> 00:58:38,670 maybe like to turn it over to Jim again 1181 00:58:43,820 --> 00:58:39,860 to you for an answer 1182 00:58:47,210 --> 00:58:43,830 so I believe the first people on Mars 1183 00:58:49,910 --> 00:58:47,220 those men and women will be scientists 1184 00:58:52,850 --> 00:58:49,920 they'll be planetary scientists they'll 1185 00:58:55,250 --> 00:58:52,860 be looking at the geology in addition to 1186 00:58:57,170 --> 00:58:55,260 trying to survive exactly right as our 1187 00:58:58,500 --> 00:58:57,180 early pioneers did they had to find a 1188 00:59:01,380 --> 00:58:58,510 way to be able to live 1189 00:59:04,560 --> 00:59:01,390 live off the land so as scientists today 1190 00:59:07,590 --> 00:59:04,570 we're uncovering reservoirs of water 1191 00:59:10,800 --> 00:59:07,600 we're uncovering resources from our 1192 00:59:14,490 --> 00:59:10,810 satellites and our Rovers for potential 1193 00:59:16,950 --> 00:59:14,500 use by humans when they are on Mars so 1194 00:59:20,780 --> 00:59:16,960 those resources will be important and we 1195 00:59:23,160 --> 00:59:20,790 want them to do more of our science 1196 00:59:25,320 --> 00:59:23,170 excellent and you know it's great you 1197 00:59:26,070 --> 00:59:25,330 know hang on one second I'm not a 1198 00:59:29,580 --> 00:59:26,080 scientist 1199 00:59:32,160 --> 00:59:29,590 but I watch human behavior and so my bet 1200 00:59:33,600 --> 00:59:32,170 is that the first thing that those men 1201 00:59:36,540 --> 00:59:33,610 and women and I hope it's one of the 1202 00:59:41,190 --> 00:59:36,550 kids here does when they land on Mars is 1203 00:59:44,280 --> 00:59:41,200 take a selfie and send it back lots of 1204 00:59:46,070 --> 00:59:44,290 pictures lots and lots of pictures I can 1205 00:59:49,500 --> 00:59:46,080 I can certainly imagine that happening 1206 00:59:51,960 --> 00:59:49,510 all right let's move on to Skillman New 1207 00:59:54,210 --> 00:59:51,970 Jersey Montgomery upper middle school it 1208 00:59:56,430 --> 00:59:54,220 looks like we had some students step out 1209 00:59:58,140 --> 00:59:56,440 is that correct all right so what we're 1210 01:00:01,500 --> 00:59:58,150 going to do is we're going to then jump 1211 01:00:04,920 --> 01:00:01,510 right into our school Metcalf Elementary 1212 01:00:06,510 --> 01:00:04,930 in Houston for our last question here on 1213 01:00:08,270 --> 01:00:06,520 this round and will be panel Twitter 1214 01:00:11,550 --> 01:00:08,280 question and then you've got things off 1215 01:00:15,630 --> 01:00:11,560 will Rover ever be able to rock samples 1216 01:00:17,280 --> 01:00:15,640 from Mars will vote will the will a 1217 01:00:18,720 --> 01:00:17,290 rover ever be able to bring back rock 1218 01:00:20,040 --> 01:00:18,730 samples that is a great question because 1219 01:00:22,350 --> 01:00:20,050 it sure would be nice to have some 1220 01:00:24,090 --> 01:00:22,360 Martian rocks here on earth early you 1221 01:00:26,310 --> 01:00:24,100 know and we're right at the cusp of 1222 01:00:28,260 --> 01:00:26,320 doing that what's so great about where 1223 01:00:30,990 --> 01:00:28,270 we are in the Mars program now is we're 1224 01:00:33,720 --> 01:00:31,000 just about to transition from sending 1225 01:00:35,190 --> 01:00:33,730 more and more complex robots to Mars to 1226 01:00:38,430 --> 01:00:35,200 do all the science in place and just 1227 01:00:40,410 --> 01:00:38,440 beam back the data defending robots that 1228 01:00:42,600 --> 01:00:40,420 go to Mars and bring back those samples 1229 01:00:45,000 --> 01:00:42,610 to our best Laboratories on earth so 1230 01:00:46,590 --> 01:00:45,010 curiosity the one I work on is kind of 1231 01:00:48,510 --> 01:00:46,600 probably probably the last time we'll 1232 01:00:50,730 --> 01:00:48,520 send something with such sophisticated 1233 01:00:52,980 --> 01:00:50,740 instruments that that doesn't bring 1234 01:00:58,530 --> 01:00:52,990 anything back and I'll let Jim talk 1235 01:01:00,840 --> 01:00:58,540 about what we're doing next the indeed 1236 01:01:03,450 --> 01:01:00,850 the Mars 2020 Rover 1237 01:01:06,570 --> 01:01:03,460 is that first step in bringing back 1238 01:01:09,900 --> 01:01:06,580 samples it has the experiments and the 1239 01:01:12,420 --> 01:01:09,910 capability to be able to go to regions 1240 01:01:16,410 --> 01:01:12,430 where perhaps life existed in it 1241 01:01:18,599 --> 01:01:16,420 past create cores drill into rocks and 1242 01:01:21,960 --> 01:01:18,609 those are the pieces that we want back 1243 01:01:25,920 --> 01:01:21,970 we want pieces of Mars history back in 1244 01:01:28,440 --> 01:01:25,930 our hands to understand how Mars changed 1245 01:01:32,069 --> 01:01:28,450 from a planet that looked much like 1246 01:01:35,490 --> 01:01:32,079 Earth today to what it is today a very 1247 01:01:38,069 --> 01:01:35,500 dry and arid location so it went through 1248 01:01:41,039 --> 01:01:38,079 climate change perhaps had life on it 1249 01:01:43,380 --> 01:01:41,049 early on and those rocks are going to be 1250 01:01:46,349 --> 01:01:43,390 the goal for our scientists to be able 1251 01:01:55,359 --> 01:01:46,359 to uncover those secrets that Mars has 1252 01:01:59,599 --> 01:01:58,010 thank you Jim and what we're going to do 1253 01:02:02,450 --> 01:01:59,609 now is take our final question from 1254 01:02:04,069 --> 01:02:02,460 online and I apologize we weren't able 1255 01:02:07,130 --> 01:02:04,079 to get to the hundreds of you that have 1256 01:02:09,799 --> 01:02:07,140 tweeted into our Mars field trip hashtag 1257 01:02:11,359 --> 01:02:09,809 with questions but this final question I 1258 01:02:13,069 --> 01:02:11,369 think is pretty important because if 1259 01:02:17,380 --> 01:02:13,079 we're going to go to Mars we will need 1260 01:02:21,620 --> 01:02:17,390 to survive could you drink water on Mars 1261 01:02:23,359 --> 01:02:21,630 it's a good one it reminds me this is a 1262 01:02:25,039 --> 01:02:23,369 little bit of a tangent but it reminds 1263 01:02:27,230 --> 01:02:25,049 me of a discovery that curiosity made 1264 01:02:29,480 --> 01:02:27,240 earlier last year where we discovered an 1265 01:02:32,089 --> 01:02:29,490 ancient lake bed on Mars it's dry now 1266 01:02:34,760 --> 01:02:32,099 but just by studying the rocks that 1267 01:02:37,039 --> 01:02:34,770 formed as silt and dirt in the water 1268 01:02:38,660 --> 01:02:37,049 settled down and formed these rocks we 1269 01:02:40,940 --> 01:02:38,670 were able to determine that Mars once 1270 01:02:42,890 --> 01:02:40,950 had lakes with fresh enough water that 1271 01:02:44,750 --> 01:02:42,900 you could drink now there's still a lot 1272 01:02:46,130 --> 01:02:44,760 of water on Mars and the polar ice caps 1273 01:02:48,410 --> 01:02:46,140 and it tied a little bit in the 1274 01:02:50,720 --> 01:02:48,420 atmosphere and even some just in 1275 01:02:52,819 --> 01:02:50,730 minerals in the ground and what a lot of 1276 01:02:54,470 --> 01:02:52,829 future astronauts will have to do is 1277 01:02:55,970 --> 01:02:54,480 figure out how to extract that water 1278 01:02:59,120 --> 01:02:55,980 from all these different places on Mars 1279 01:03:04,160 --> 01:02:59,130 and then be able to drink it anything to 1280 01:03:05,990 --> 01:03:04,170 add Jim actually this is Lisa I am your 1281 01:03:07,880 --> 01:03:06,000 host and in fact I want to talk to you 1282 01:03:10,430 --> 01:03:07,890 just a second we've got a mission on the 1283 01:03:12,890 --> 01:03:10,440 way to Mars right now gonna get there in 1284 01:03:15,650 --> 01:03:12,900 September and what it's gonna do is look 1285 01:03:17,690 --> 01:03:15,660 at Mars atmosphere Mars lost most of its 1286 01:03:21,319 --> 01:03:17,700 atmosphere it has less than 1% of the 1287 01:03:24,620 --> 01:03:21,329 air of Earth and what we know is there 1288 01:03:26,809 --> 01:03:24,630 was water on Mars as Ashwin said where 1289 01:03:28,549 --> 01:03:26,819 did it go some of it as you mentioned 1290 01:03:29,990 --> 01:03:28,559 went in the rocks some of it's still in 1291 01:03:32,029 --> 01:03:30,000 the atmosphere but where did it all go 1292 01:03:34,670 --> 01:03:32,039 so by learning about where that 1293 01:03:36,710 --> 01:03:34,680 atmosphere went mavens also gonna tell 1294 01:03:38,210 --> 01:03:36,720 us about where the water went and we're 1295 01:03:39,589 --> 01:03:38,220 gonna look at where it's going now and 1296 01:03:41,779 --> 01:03:39,599 what's stripping the atmosphere often 1297 01:03:44,089 --> 01:03:41,789 look back in time to see what Mars 1298 01:03:45,559 --> 01:03:44,099 atmospheric history is so that one's 1299 01:03:48,380 --> 01:03:45,569 going to be getting to Mars and going 1300 01:03:50,630 --> 01:03:48,390 into orbit September 21st little late at 1301 01:03:52,130 --> 01:03:50,640 night here on the East Coast 10 p.m. but 1302 01:03:52,789 --> 01:03:52,140 it's gonna be well worth paying 1303 01:03:55,549 --> 01:03:52,799 attention to 1304 01:03:56,900 --> 01:03:55,559 and and Lyle I'm gonna I'm gonna do 1305 01:03:59,089 --> 01:03:56,910 something on the fly here I'm gonna call 1306 01:04:01,640 --> 01:03:59,099 an audible I feel bad for all those 1307 01:04:03,200 --> 01:04:01,650 folks who who sent in through Twitter 1308 01:04:04,460 --> 01:04:03,210 through the hashtag Mars field script 1309 01:04:06,650 --> 01:04:04,470 that didn't get their questions answered 1310 01:04:09,090 --> 01:04:06,660 so I'm gonna make an offer on my 1311 01:04:12,990 --> 01:04:09,100 personal Twitter feed 1312 01:04:16,020 --> 01:04:13,000 the first 25 questions I find online 1313 01:04:18,030 --> 01:04:16,030 with Mars field trip hashtag I'll make 1314 01:04:23,400 --> 01:04:18,040 sure I tweet out an answer later today 1315 01:04:27,120 --> 01:04:23,410 I'm at LD May and we will send that out 1316 01:04:29,550 --> 01:04:27,130 tonight with answers on Twitter well 1317 01:04:31,950 --> 01:04:29,560 thank you very much that's very kind of 1318 01:04:34,290 --> 01:04:31,960 you so you heard it if you do have a 1319 01:04:36,630 --> 01:04:34,300 question she will take the 25 first 1320 01:04:39,330 --> 01:04:36,640 questions that she gets and answer them 1321 01:04:40,740 --> 01:04:39,340 a little later so thank you for that and 1322 01:04:42,720 --> 01:04:40,750 I want to thank a Schwinn for joining us 1323 01:04:44,490 --> 01:04:42,730 today I want to thank all of our schools 1324 01:04:51,180 --> 01:04:44,500 who joined us and I'm going to now pass 1325 01:04:53,130 --> 01:04:51,190 it back to Lisa again who's got just a 1326 01:04:55,560 --> 01:04:53,140 couple of closing remarks first of all I 1327 01:04:57,870 --> 01:04:55,570 want to assure everyone while this is 1328 01:05:00,180 --> 01:04:57,880 the end of this session this class this 1329 01:05:01,860 --> 01:05:00,190 connected classroom that this is 1330 01:05:04,530 --> 01:05:01,870 certainly not your last opportunity to 1331 01:05:06,720 --> 01:05:04,540 continue exploring and that NASA's 1332 01:05:08,310 --> 01:05:06,730 Digital Learning Network you can go 1333 01:05:12,500 --> 01:05:08,320 there yourself you can look at this you 1334 01:05:16,170 --> 01:05:12,510 can engage in future events at DLN 1335 01:05:19,020 --> 01:05:16,180 nasa.gov and i would like to thank very 1336 01:05:21,720 --> 01:05:19,030 much our guests here in Washington John 1337 01:05:24,510 --> 01:05:21,730 feely and Jim Greene I appreciate your 1338 01:05:26,970 --> 01:05:24,520 time and your enthusiasm for and your 1339 01:05:28,700 --> 01:05:26,980 responses to the questions I'd also like 1340 01:05:31,320 --> 01:05:28,710 to thank Google for making this 1341 01:05:33,630 --> 01:05:31,330 technology available to us to make these 1342 01:05:35,640 --> 01:05:33,640 connections around the world and explore 1343 01:05:38,280 --> 01:05:35,650 Mars together on our virtual field trip 1344 01:05:40,020 --> 01:05:38,290 and finally I'd like to echo Lyle's 1345 01:05:42,690 --> 01:05:40,030 thanks to the students and to the 1346 01:05:45,360 --> 01:05:42,700 teachers for your curiosity about our 1347 01:05:49,620 --> 01:05:45,370 curiosity and your participation today